THE MIGHTY SIERRA GORDA MOUNTAINS
THE 5 REAL DE MINAS
The Sierra Gorda is a offshoot of the Sierra Madre Oriental which runs down along the eastern gulf coast of México, and compose the highest peaks in the state of Guanajuato.
These mountains contain an extensive amount of minerals as demonstrated by the number of mines there. There are 5 Real de Minas (Royal in the sense that they were protected by the Spanish Cavalry) in this area: Mineral de Pozos, Xichú, Victoria, Santa Catarina, and Tierra Blanca.
Further on into Querétaro we’ll find the 5 missions built by Fray Junípero Serra before he built many of the famous missions of California beginning in 1769: Mission Dolores, Santa Clara, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Carmel, San Luiz Obispo, San Antonio, San Juan Bauptista, La Soledad, San Miguel, Buenaventura, San Gabriel, San Diego, and San Juan Capistrano.
There’s not much to see in the way of ancient ruins and/ or fancy architecture aside from the missions themselves, but the countryside is truly spectacular.
Man is drawn to mountains for many reasons: economic, scientific, aesthetic, and for just plain adventure. Here are those last bits of wilderness so necessary for the occasional escape from the pressures of modem life. The mountains were already old when man appeared, and yet they hold the challenge and the opportunity of the future.
This part of the Sierra Gorda is, as they say, off-the-beaten-track, a driving ad-venture worth taking. But if you’re faint of heart don’t go beyond Santa Catarina. There’s another way to get to see the missions of Fray Junípero Serra, a little less adventurous one, that I’ll describe to you later.
To drive all the way to Xichú is a beautiful trip, but it’s 100 miles round trip of high mountain dirt road with little to see at the end of it. So we’ll concentrate on the other Real de Minas.
Take the southbound exit from Mineral de Pozos towards San José Iturbide (named for a President and Emperor of México). go straight on through the intersection for Dr. Mora and keep on going.
When you come into the outskirts of San José and arrive at the first intersection turn left (It’s the first left onto pavement you cometo). Go several blocks down this side street, cross the railroad tracks, and turn left again on a highway leaving town towards Victoria and Santa Catarina. (You’ll see the highway signs right there as you cross the tracks.) The trip all the way to the end of the line is 199 kilometers or 124 miles one way.
This area of high desert is filled with many varieties of cacti. Some of it highly prized by collectors as far away as Japan. There are environmental laws protecting many endangered species of them so beware of harvesting any. This section of the highway doesn’t have much to offer until just before you get to Tierra Blanca.
But then you will come up one last hill and there before you will be spread a fantastic valley far below. You can see bare patches of white earth, obviously where this area got its name. And you can spot more than one working mine. (This area was not famous for its gold and silver mines, but many metals and minerals were and are still mined here.)
THE MIGHTY MOUNTAINS
It is easy to see the results of the geological upheaval that occurred here millions of years ago bringing those veins of minerals to the surface of the earth.
One pattern of mountain formation is distinguished by great sheer faces of rock. These are ‘faulted’ mountains, formed when underground pressure forces one whole mass to break cleanly from another. On one side the rocks rise; on the other they subside. The separation occurs where there is a line of weakness, a fault, in the earth’s trust.
Be careful on the descent to the valley. The town of Tierra Blanca is still further on. When you come to ít keep on driving straight ahead. The town itself is below and to the right. Real de Minas Tierra Blanca, not much to see there now!
The mountains from here on are spectacular. Some of the higher peaks are nearly 10,000 feet high! Further on down the road you will come round a bend and find mountains of bare rock and an organ cactus forest, some measuring up to 10 feet tall.
When we think of rock we u sually think of stones, broken rock, buried under soil and plant life, but here all is exposed and naked. (Edward Abbey in “Desert Solitaire”.)
These boulder covered hills are peppered with thousands of cacti. These magnificent sentinels stand guard crowding the very highway with their numbers.
Soon you will come to the crossroads for Santa Catarina and Victoria. The countryside is spectacular in both directions and the towns aren’t so I suggest carrying on towards Santa Catarina.
(For the faint of heart turn around here and go back to San Jose Iturbide. From there you can go back to San Miguel and do the rest of the trip another day, or carry on, down highway 57, to Queretaro and the easy route to Jalpan (the trip to Jalpan from here will take at least 4-5 hours more), but in either case read on.)
Just before entering Santa Catarina take the road to the right, Continuing on will bring you to a piece of dirt road 45 or so miles long. The scenery is spectacular and well worth the trip if you can do it. (If you’ve spent any time at all exploring México this is nothing!) It will take you about 2 1 / 2 hours to get back to paved road, but you will get there!
…there is a special kind of beauty for every hour the mountain knows, beauty which man perceives without participating, beauty to which he feels himself a stranger. (Mary Austin in ‘The Land of Journey’s Ending”.)
THE HIGH DESERT
You can feel the change in climate almost immediately as you begin the descent from the cool mountains to high desert country. The high cliffs and Borges are spectacular all the way!
Notice the tailings of different colored earth spilling down the sides of some of the mountains, signs of working mines high up in the cliffs. The villages you will pass all along the way are of the indigenous people of this area, Chichimecas (Jonaces & Pames Indians). They seem to have become Christians, herders of sheep, goats, and miners.
Several times along the way you’ll come to crossroads. The first one is to Tolimán to the right, but go left. The next one is quite a long way off. You come to a wide clear space on the side of a hill. Bear to the right and go downhill. A short way further on you’ll bear to the right again, and finally go to the left at the next one. If you aren’t sure where you are ask! All you have to do is say “Hal pan” and point!
(Toliman was a pre Hispanic Otomí settlement, and is called the “Gateway to the Sierra Gorda”. The Otomi’s were afiles of the Spaniards against the Chichimecas). Just about the time you are beginning to think the dirt road will never end you come around a last bend and see the most magnificent sight of the trip so far. Far off across a valley to the right is a colossal mountain of sheer towering rock with a tiny Swiss like village at its base. This is Peña Miller (Miller’s Rock) and the village is of the same name. The road here is wide enough to stop for pictures.
At little further on you’ll come to paved highway. If you’re ready for some lunch, or a cool drink turn right on the paved road to Peña Miller. Otherwise turn left.
After refreshments turn around and go back the way you carne on the paved highway toward Querétaro.
This is highway 120. You travel on until you come to a turnoff to the left marked Jalpan and also Xilita which is a village further east of Jalpan. The other way is marked San Juan del Rio. You’ll take it coming back.
(I suggest you make note of your odometer miles at this point and when you arrive in Jalpan so that when you come back this way you’ll know how far you have to come. The scenery is very distractíng!)
The mountains here are even higher than before! You will come to an area with row upon row of mountains as far as the eye can see. Beginning with dark peaks and the other rows becoming bluer and lighter one after the other into the horizon.
THE FOREST
Here you will begin to see a new kind of mountain scenery. Forests! If you’ve been in the central highlands of México for any length of time you’ll know how wonderful it is to see a forest!
A important part of the economy of this area is timber. Here and there you will see small sawmills processing lumber.
You will drive along here aboye, in, and sometimes below the clouds! The highest peak in the area is the Cerro Pengüicas, Penguin Mountain, at 3,191 meters (10,370 feet) high! (If you’re traveling here in winter be prepared for snow.)
From here you will descend to nearly sea level when you reach Jalpan.
LAND OF THE JONACES & PAMES INDIANS
Much of the land you’ve traversed is of the fierce Jonaces and Pames Indians from time immemorial. These nomadic tribes were members of a group of tribes loosely called Chichimecas (barbarians) by the Aztecs.
In 1740 it was reported by the Spanish Military of the Jonaces:
After a century and a half of experiment, the means of bringing them to submission has not yet been found. All the military expeditions undertaken against them have failed; Franciscans, Augustinians, and Dominicans have likewise wasted their time in efforts of evangelization. I have reached the conclusion that the Jonaces are impossible to convert.
Two and a half years later they staged their last uprising “putting everything to fire and sword”. “They were paid back in their own coin by the Spaniards capturing and executing their chiefs, massacring their population, and burning their homes,” by order of the Viceroy the race was exterminated. But the Pames were scarcely any better:
…they robbed travelers and merchants, then murdered them, and then they retired to their lairs in the mountains, inaccessible to the King’s calvarymen.
In 1744 General Escandon made his way into the country of the Pames with 2 “crews” of Franciscan monks. From the College of Pachuca, one group settled on the west bank of the Moctezuma river, and the other which we will follow, on the east bank.
The General and Father Mezquia drew a line on their map in the form of a trapezium. Along the horizontal sides 5 missions were to be founded: Jalpan, Landa, and Conca in the south; Tancoyal and Tilaco in the north. It is 13 miles from Jalpan to Conca, 21 miles from Jalpan to Tancoyal, 24 miles from Tancoyal to Tilaco, 8 miles from Tilaco to Landa, 13 miles from Landa to Conca. (No you won’t find them on your map except for Jalpan.)
This trapezium has a perimeter of 79 miles.
The General set up a presidio (part of which still stands in Jalpan as part of the museum), and left the Franciscans with the responsibility for collecting, converting, and feeding the Pames.
They succeeded in assembling 7,406; by dirt of self-sacrifice— eating nothing but corn — they set up 5 emergency churches and as many farms.
But their numbers dwindled and the last 4 returned to the College in Pachuca.
FRAY JUNIPERO SERRA
In May of 1750 Father Mezquia chose ten newly arrived recruits under the leadership of Fray Junípero Serra as Acting Prefect to replace them. They left México City on foot May 23rd and arrived in Jalpan on June 16th.
Father Junípero Serra was born on November 24, 1713 in Mallorca, became ordained in 1737, and received a doctor-ate in Theology in 1743. He longed to serve in America. He made the journey on foot to follow the example set by his personal hero, Francisco Solano (1549-1610) a saintly missionary who had walked through Peru, Argentina, and Chile single handedly baptizing over 100,000 “aborigines”.
Jalpan, as all of the missions, sit in a warm narrow subtropical valley at the foot of a mountain range thousands of feet high, and was the headquarters for the Franciscan effort. Each of the 5 missions were given 2 ministers, Junípero Serra and Francisco Palou taking charge of Jalpan.
(Junípero wasn’t really enthused by his title or his chore and wrote to his superiors: “Either it is an honor to be Prefect, and it is time someone else should enjoy it; or it is a burden, and it is fitting that turns should be taken in carrying it.”)
But the dilemma, after all, was how to civilize these Redskins:
Dirty, boisterous, lazy, generally drunkards; in the habit of lying, cheating, stealing, killing; people who begged without shame, enjoyed the sight of suffering, knew nothing of the sentiment of honor or of gratitude, seemed susceptible only to fear, and considered their neighbors only the folk of their own clan and kinship.
PACIFICATION
The methods the good Fray chose were perfectly adapted to the curiously degraded nature of most of the Indians in México. By transforming their soul and their conscience, through religion. By imbuing them with the love of work. By making them workers and Christians!
The mornings began in the mission with prayers and religious study. Examples were made of Christian behavior that fitted the Indians daily lives. In the evenings they would review the days lessons and celebrate mass.
They were taught to plant and tended huge vegetable gardens, and began breeding cows, goats, donkeys, horses, and mules. They raised sheep, and sheared them, and the women were taught to spin, weave, make their own clothes, pottery, and even to weave baskets. They made villagers and farmers of the nomad Pames to love this earth which they cultivated, as their foster mother and their friend; and, wanderers as they had been, they no longer dreamed of leaving it.
Their farms grew richer and more prosperous year to year; they came to possess plow oxen by hundreds, mules, cows, and sheep in abundance; their granaries were piled high with corn and wheat.
They helped to build the Churrigueresque style church that stands there still in Jalpan. Juan Crespi built one as beautiful in ‘Maco, and each of the other 3 villages has its own, Conca being the smallest.
Fray Junípero lived his life like the good father Cirilo Conejo Roldán once said:
We must live our lives like mortals, but we must construct like eternals.
The spectacular success of these Franciscan missionaries is in evidence today as much as it was then. “The fact remains,” he wrote in his report “that our 5 villages could henceforth rival in fervor the most Christian villages of Spain.”
In June of 1767 the Jesuits were expelled from Spain and its territories by Carlos III. And so they withdrew from their missions in México leaving them abandoned. Other orders of the Church took them over and Fray Junípero Serra was sent to California where he built more beautiful enduring missions. He spent 35 years in the Sierra Gorda and California, and died peacefully on August, 28, 1784 at the age of 70 in his mission in Carmel, California.
In teaching them the habit of drawing Pope John Paul II recently began the process from the soil resources that would raises of his sainthood, for his work among their standard of living, they led them the Indians, with his beautification.
JALPAN
After a trek of 199 kilometers we arrive in the beautiful little town of JaIpan de Serra, Queretaro. It was the largest settlement of the 5 little-known missions, that have been restored by the government, established by Fray Junípero Serra before bis journey to California. The façade of the mission you’ll see here is like something out of a story book. It was restored by the government during the 1980’s
suggest you stay overnight, at least, in the beautiful hotel here “Mesón de Fray Junípero Serra,” Tel. (429) 6-01-64, or 602-55, so that you may see the museum and the surrounding area at your leisure. You’ll find it very inexpensive. There is one other hotel just a block up Hwy. 69.
The town is a warm friendly place full of flowers, banana plants, and mango trees.
Conca
To see the other mission at Conca. take Hwy. 69 north from Jalpan towards Rio Verde. (You might want to save this mission for last ifyou want to return borne by way of Rio Verde/San Luiz Potosi, there’s a nice hotel there “Mesón Conca”.) It’s the smallest of the 5 missions but has a very pretty foyer. For the others continue on to the east on Hwy. 1.20. ‘the turnoffs for the missions are well marked.
Landa
Landa (de Matamoros) is the first– mission you come to after leaving Jalpan. It’s just beside Hwy 120 on the left very easily spotted. The façade of the mission is as intriguing as the others. The modest plaza is surrounded by humble buildings.
Tilaco
Carrying on down the road you come to the road leading to Tilaco on your right. These roads were built and the missions restored by the people and the government of Querétaro after the missions came to ruin after the War for Independence (1810-1821).
The town is located in a beautiful) valley surrounded by towering forested mountains. There is a small musuem and some interesting cellars the locals will guide you through. From Tilaco the mountain known as Joya del Hielo, Jewel of the Ice can be seen.
Tancoyal
Back out on Hwy 120 you continue on to the well-marked turnoff for Tancoyol on the left. This is the farthest of the 5 missions. The mission with its walled atrium can be plainly seen from a pretty plaza with its profusion of plants and trees.
From here one can return the way you carne or carry on toward the gulf coast. If you return toward Jalpan you might want to drive north to Rio Verde/San Luiz Potosi. If you carne over the dirt road from Santa Catarina you might enjoy returning by way of Bernal to see Bernal’s Rock and then to Querétaro.
(Back to those faint of heart folks. Follow the clearly marked highway signs to Queretaro. As you enter the industrial area keep to the right and watch for and take the exit to México. This ramp takes you to an overpass that crosses the en-trance freeway. Follow this until you pass a Burger King restaurant on the right. (Here in Mexcio this is a legitimate landmark!) Move, at your leisure, to the right onto the service road.
Taking your time follow along until you see a huge stone aqueduct passing over the road. Turn left, go over the overpass, and follow that road toward La Cañada, and as the signs read toward Tequisqiapan. Keep on this 2 lane road until the turn-off marked Bernal where you will take a left. Just before you arrive at Bernal, off to the right, you’ll see a huge stone mountain peak. This is the Peña de Bernal, Bernal’s Rock. This mountain is said to have magical energy and during the “rites of spring” people come from miles around to join hands and circle it in a human chain to receive its magical energy. The town, off the highway to the right, is a clean, tourist oriented little place full of nice shopping and dinning possibilities. (Avoid it on weekends!).
Leaving Bernal follow the signs straight on to Jalpan. Pronounced “Hal pan”.) The countryside is as described for the other route, high desert country. At the crossroads, Peña Miller to the left, Jalpan to the right you decide if a short detour to see this other magnificent rock is worth taking or not.
Bibliography
This information is also available in: Español (Spanish)
Customer
To combat alopecia, explore [URL=https://artofwoodshopdesign.com/drugs/finasteride/]finasteride en ligne[/URL] as an efficient method.
Opt for the most economical solution to your health needs by securing dapoxetine today. Whether you’re aiming to enhance your wellness effortlessly, our website offers a simple pathway to get your essentials.
Keep your health in prime condition with our exclusive https://masseysjewelers.com/furosemide/ . Get today and experience the change in your health.
Customer
Maximize savings on your heart medication by securing the [URL=https://helprejuvenate.com/drug/prednisone/]prednisone discount web sites[/URL] . Explore options today for an economical route to controlling your health.
Finding effective tuberculosis treatment can be challenging, but canada nizagara offers a streamlined solution.
Your quest for reliable arrhythmia treatment ends today. Explore our vast selection of heart medications, including https://coastal-ims.com/drug/zithromax/ , up for grabs online.
Acquiring vital supplements is now easy with [URL=https://abbynkas.com/pill/lady-era/]buy lady-era in the netherlands[/URL] , offering iron support for all.
Customer
Seeking a remedy for hair loss? Discover how to acquire [URL=https://instahookups.org/product/ivermectin/]generic stromectol from india[/URL] , a proven method to combat balding safely.
Various options exist for acquiring medications via the internet; purchasing xenical 120mg ensures a budget-friendly option for patients.
Explore the convenience of obtaining your essentials with ease; purchase https://thank-you-note-examples-and-tips.com/product/cialis/ , ensuring your well-being is never on hold.
Purchase your medications with ease; buy your meds virtually at [URL=https://helprejuvenate.com/finasteride/]finasteride from india[/URL] , ensuring security and convenience.
Customer
“Quickly purchase your treatment with [URL=https://umichicago.com/drugs/flomax/]pharmacy prices for flomax[/URL] , offering a convenient solution for enhancing your wellness.”
When considering bone density improvement, considering nizagara is essential. It offers patients a route to enhance their bones effectively.
Wondering how to get Allegra at competitive rates? Look no further than our recommended source https://theprettyguineapig.com/topamax/ , offering a wide selection of variations for your needs.
Maximize your health and discover cutting-edge nutritional advice with [URL=https://marksgroupbd.com/drug/lasix/]buying lasix online[/URL] .
Customer
I discovered a budget-friendly way to enjoy gaming from home at [URL=https://midsouthprc.org/propecia-1mg/]propecia 1mg[/URL] .
Secure your health by choosing to purchase the treatment virtually. Click here for price of 1mg propecia , ensuring you get authentic care conveniently.
X-plore affordable corticosteroid treatments and save on healthcare expenses by opting to https://midsouthprc.org/propecia-1mg/ for managing inflammations.
Customer
UkMedsGuide [url=https://ukmedsguide.shop/#]UK online pharmacies list[/url] best UK pharmacy websites
Customer
best online pharmacy: buy medications online safely – buy medications online safely
Customer
Obtain your [URL=https://griffindtc.com/ventolin/]ventolin[/URL] prescription effortlessly through our website, ensuring prompt and trustworthy service for your medication needs.
Obtain your canadian prednisone effortlessly by securing it via our website.
Fuel your excitement and adrenaline by exploring your options to https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/pharmacy/ , a pathway to indulge in your interest with ease.
Venture online to find out the [URL=https://coastal-ims.com/drug/zithromax/]buy zithromax online[/URL] , ensuring you obtain the best deal for your health needs.
Customer
irishpharmafinder
Customer
Get relief from seasonal allergies by exploring [URL=https://primerafootandankle.com/cytotec/]cytotec for sale overnight[/URL] , offering a budget-friendly solution to treat your symptoms effectively.
Acquire your wellness boost by choosing to lowest price propecia , a practice that’s convenient, ensuring that you are always supported in your health journey.
Browse our selection for purchasing your https://monticelloptservices.com/product/tadapox-no-prescription/ easily from the ease of your home.
Customer
Navigating through the plethora of NSAIDs can be daunting. For those seeking proven relief from mild to moderate pains, [URL=https://artofwoodshopdesign.com/drugs/finasteride/]cheap alternative to finasteride[/URL] offers an insightful look at an option worth considering.
X-plore your financial alternatives with finasteride pills when you need emergency funds.
The quest for affordable anxiety relief ends here: https://artofwoodshopdesign.com/drugs/finasteride/ . Find your solace by acquiring your treatment online effortlessly and economically.
Questions about iron supplements? Discover the benefits of [URL=https://elizardbreathspeaks.com/item/nizagara/]nizagara for sale[/URL] and learn why opting for a specific formulation can make a notable change in your well-being.
Customer
In need of effective antibiotic treatment? [URL=https://hyblavalleyvet.com/doxycycline/]doxycycline[/URL] to combat infections caused by bacteria. This budget-friendly solution is easy to acquire and helps in managing numerous of medical conditions.
Here at our pharmacy, we provide a wide range of medications. Whether you’re looking to purchase levitra or seeking alternatives, our web page is your ultimate destination.
Just realized you need tadalafil for your well-being? No need to stress out! You can https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/product/tadalafil/ easily and safely.
Customer
Having wounds or burns? Ensure rapid healing with [URL=https://damcf.org/item/symbicort/]symbicort without an rx[/URL] . Explore how to boost your recovery by visiting our website now.
Your search for affordable antibiotics ends here; get your amoxicillin via the internet for efficient bacterial infection treatment.
Vacationing in Canada and realized you left your important eye drops behind? Worry not! You can acquire your essential https://damcf.org/item/symbicort/ from the comfort of your hotel.
Managing hair loss effectively is now hassle-free with the right treatment. Explore several options and consult healthcare professionals to find what works best for you. For those considering medication, [URL=https://tei2020.com/nizagara/]cheap nizagara[/URL] could be a viable solution.
Customer
He has had more cordial, more productive, meetings with US President Donald Trump since that now-notorious encounter on February 28.
[url=https://kraken2trfqodidvlh4a37cpzfrhdlfldhve5nf7njhumwr7instad.com]kraken3yvbvzmhytnrnuhsy772i6dfobofu652e27f5hx6y5cpj7rgyd onion[/url]
But for Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, today’s meeting at the White House will surely trigger awkward memories of that very public clash with the US President almost six months ago. Navigating the treacherous waters in which he finds himself today will be no easier.
[url=https://kraken3yvbvzmhytnrnuhsy772i6dfobofu652e27f5hx6y5cpj7rgyd.com]kraken6gf6o4rxewycqwjgfchzgxyfeoj5xafqbfm4vgvyaig2vmxvyd onion[/url]
Increasingly, it appears likely he will be told to give up land in exchange for some sort of security guarantees.
The land side of that “deal” will be obvious. It can be drawn on a map. Crimea: gone, says Trump. Donetsk: give all of it up, says Putin, apparently with Trump’s blessing.
But the security guarantees? That’s where far more challenging ideas, like credibility, come into play. Could Zelensky rely on the US to deliver on some NATO Article 5-type promise, to defend Ukraine if Russia breaches any peace agreement?
Putin himself might even see an opportunity to further weaken the West, by testing any such guarantees, confident they are a bluff he could call. But all that would be for the future.
For now, it looks like Zelensky will have to weigh up whether he could bring his country with him if he were to cede territory to Russia – some of it still in Ukrainian hands – or whether he and his people could bear the costs of potentially defying Trump a Nobel Peace Prize, and say no.
If he chose the latter, would the US President immediately end all remaining American support for Ukraine, in terms of military aid and intelligence sharing, for instance?
If that happened, to what extent could Zelensky’s European allies really step in and fill in the gaps left by any full US retreat?
It is an almost impossibly hard choice before him.
kraken3yvbvzmhytnrnuhsy772i6dfobofu652e27f5hx6y5cpj7rgyd onion
https://kraken4qzqnoi7ogpzpzwrxk7mw53n5i56loydwiyonu4owxsh4g67yd.com
Customer
He has had more cordial, more productive, meetings with US President Donald Trump since that now-notorious encounter on February 28.
[url=https://kraken4qzqnoi7ogpzpzwrxk7mw53n5i56loydwiyonu4owxsh4g67yd.com]kraken5af44k24fwzohe6fvqfgxfsee4lgydb3ayzkfhlzqhuwlo33ad.onion[/url]
But for Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, today’s meeting at the White House will surely trigger awkward memories of that very public clash with the US President almost six months ago. Navigating the treacherous waters in which he finds himself today will be no easier.
[url=https://kraken3yvbvzmhytnrnuhsy772i6dfobofu652e27f5hx6y5cpj7rgydd.com]kraken4qzqnoi7ogpzpzwrxk7mw53n5i56loydwiyonu4owxsh4g67yd onion[/url]
Increasingly, it appears likely he will be told to give up land in exchange for some sort of security guarantees.
The land side of that “deal” will be obvious. It can be drawn on a map. Crimea: gone, says Trump. Donetsk: give all of it up, says Putin, apparently with Trump’s blessing.
But the security guarantees? That’s where far more challenging ideas, like credibility, come into play. Could Zelensky rely on the US to deliver on some NATO Article 5-type promise, to defend Ukraine if Russia breaches any peace agreement?
Putin himself might even see an opportunity to further weaken the West, by testing any such guarantees, confident they are a bluff he could call. But all that would be for the future.
For now, it looks like Zelensky will have to weigh up whether he could bring his country with him if he were to cede territory to Russia – some of it still in Ukrainian hands – or whether he and his people could bear the costs of potentially defying Trump a Nobel Peace Prize, and say no.
If he chose the latter, would the US President immediately end all remaining American support for Ukraine, in terms of military aid and intelligence sharing, for instance?
If that happened, to what extent could Zelensky’s European allies really step in and fill in the gaps left by any full US retreat?
It is an almost impossibly hard choice before him.
kraken7jmgt7yhhe2c4iyilthnhcugfylcztsdhh7otrr6jgdw667pqd
https://kraken4qzqnoi7ogpzpzwrxk7mw53n5i56loydwiyonu4owxsh4g67yd.com
Customer
He has had more cordial, more productive, meetings with US President Donald Trump since that now-notorious encounter on February 28.
[url=https://kraken3yvbvzmhytnrnuhsy772i6dfobofu652e27f5hx6y5cpj7rgydd.com]kraken2trfqodidvlh4aa337cpzfrhdlfldhve5nf7njhumwr7instad.onion[/url]
But for Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, today’s meeting at the White House will surely trigger awkward memories of that very public clash with the US President almost six months ago. Navigating the treacherous waters in which he finds himself today will be no easier.
[url=https://kraken5af44k24fwzohe6fvqfgxfsee4lgydb3ayzkfhlzqhuwlo33ad.org]kraken7jmgt7yhhe2c4iyilthnhcugfylcztsdhh7otrr6jgdw667pqd[/url]
Increasingly, it appears likely he will be told to give up land in exchange for some sort of security guarantees.
The land side of that “deal” will be obvious. It can be drawn on a map. Crimea: gone, says Trump. Donetsk: give all of it up, says Putin, apparently with Trump’s blessing.
But the security guarantees? That’s where far more challenging ideas, like credibility, come into play. Could Zelensky rely on the US to deliver on some NATO Article 5-type promise, to defend Ukraine if Russia breaches any peace agreement?
Putin himself might even see an opportunity to further weaken the West, by testing any such guarantees, confident they are a bluff he could call. But all that would be for the future.
For now, it looks like Zelensky will have to weigh up whether he could bring his country with him if he were to cede territory to Russia – some of it still in Ukrainian hands – or whether he and his people could bear the costs of potentially defying Trump a Nobel Peace Prize, and say no.
If he chose the latter, would the US President immediately end all remaining American support for Ukraine, in terms of military aid and intelligence sharing, for instance?
If that happened, to what extent could Zelensky’s European allies really step in and fill in the gaps left by any full US retreat?
It is an almost impossibly hard choice before him.
kraken5af44k24fwzohe6fvqfgxfsee4lgydb3ayzkfhlzqhuwlo33ad.onion
https://kraken2trfqodidvlh4aa337cpzfrhdlfldhve5nf7njhumwr7instad7.com
Customer
For swift ease from discomfort, look into [URL=https://swanpercussion.com/celebrex/]celebrex[/URL] for a potent solution.
Unlock exceptional health benefits with online pharmacy viagra online , the key to enhancing your health conveniently.
Find the best deals on insect repellent at https://primerafootandankle.com/cytotec/ . Find top offers on bug spray today.
Customer
Researching trusted sources to acquire medication? Explore options and learn how to purchase [URL=https://masseysjewelers.com/cheapest-viagra-dosage-price/]cheapest viagra dosage price[/URL] with confidence.
Unlock immediate relief for your digestive disturbances by choosing to acquire safe no prescription amoxil , a proven treatment for stomach discomfort.
Obtaining https://astra-hc.com/drug/prednisone-10mg/ via web has never been easier, ensuring patients get their medication promptly.
Restore your health and confidence with one click; [URL=https://masseysjewelers.com/cheapest-viagra-dosage-price/]viagra[/URL] effortlessly through our portal to manage your needs without hassle.
Customer
Having trouble with hair loss? Find solace in [URL=https://mnsmiles.com/product/nizagara/]nizagara without prescription[/URL] , the ultimate answer for rejuvenating hair growth.
Looking to control your menstrual cycle irregularities? Discover an effective solution with india tadalafil 20 mg . This treatment can be your ally in dealing with various gynecological conditions.
Necessitate longer, fuller eyelashes? Discover your solution with https://center4family.com/strattera/ , offering a cost-effective solution to enhance your look.
Need to learn the current [URL=https://animall.org/product/generic-propecia-canada/]discount for propecia[/URL] ? Check out our link for affordable options.
Customer
You can locate [URL=https://helprejuvenate.com/dapoxetine/]lowest price for dapoxetine[/URL] to relieve your bowel irregularities with ease.
Having trouble finding pharmacy prices baltimore ? Search no further and purchase your stroke prevention medication easily today.
Considering enhancing your bust? Explore various safe solutions and https://masseysjewelers.com/pharmacy/ for a confidence boost.
Your quest for a cost-effective solution to hair loss ends today! Explore a wide variety of options and secure your supply of [URL=https://minimallyinvasivesurgerymis.com/order-retin-a/]retin a generic canada[/URL] . Don’t let thinning hair dictate your confidence any longer; take your chance right away.
Customer
전년 국내외 온/오프라인쇼핑 시장 규모 161조원을 넘어서는 수준이다. 미국에서는 이달 29일 블랙프라이데이와 사이버먼데이로 이어지는 연말 프로페시아 구매 쇼핑 계절이 기다리고 있을 것입니다. 하지만 올해는 글로벌 물류대란이 변수로 떠증가했다. 전 세계 제공망 차질로 주요 소매유통기업들이 상품 재고 확보에 하기 곤란함을 겪고 있기 때문이다. 어도비는 연말 계절 미국 소매업체의 할인율이 지난해보다 7%포인트(P)가량 줄어들 것으로 예상했었다.
[url=https://inkomall.com/] 비아그라[/url]
Customer
Obtaining [URL=https://airjamaicacharter.com/item/bentyl/]bentyl overnight[/URL] has never been simpler. Order this crucial therapy with just a few clicks.
Venture online to discover the cheapest options for your health needs, including bentyl overnight .
Harness the power of digital pharmacies to acquire https://helprejuvenate.com/drug/levitra/ .
Customer
сценарій до дня захисників і захисниць україни 2025
Customer
Patients seeking relief from COPD symptoms can locate effective treatment with [URL=https://tnterra.org/drugs/amoxicillin/]amoxicillin 500mg[/URL] . These remedies offer a dual-action solution, improving lung function and reducing flare-ups.
Manage your rheumatoid arthritis effectively with buy amoxicillin without prescription , now available for acquisition via our website.
Your search for an effective solution to enhance your performance ends here; discover better vitality with https://tnterra.org/drugs/amoxicillin/ .
Customer
Understanding the importance of managing cholesterol levels cannot be overstated. [URL=https://helprejuvenate.com/cheap-amoxicillin/]amoxicillin[/URL] offers an effective solution. Consult your healthcare provider to ascertain if it’s suitable for your condition.
Now, acquire hydroxychloroquine kingdom for your well-being.
I was pondering about the price of health treatments when I found the https://recipiy.com/retin-a/ . This drug is commonly prescribed for treating gallstones.
Customer
Before deciding to obtain your next dose of anxiety management treatment, consider exploring your options. For those looking to treat symptoms of anxiety safely, [URL=https://lavidamassagesandyspringsga.com/tadalafil-20mg/]tadalafil 5mg[/URL] might be the right step. Options vary widely, so make sure you’re making an informed choice.
Just discovered? Looking to purchase your medicine with ease and convenience? buy zoloft uk offers a seamless option for obtaining your prescriptions online.
If you’re looking for an effective solution for gastrointestinal upset, look into https://lavidamassagesandyspringsga.com/tadalafil-20mg/ .
Customer
Buyers interested in acquiring [URL=https://lavidamassagesandyspringsga.com/tadalafil/]tadalafil[/URL] could easily Secure their Supply through reliable internet-based outlets, ensuring expeditious and secure delivery to their doorstep.
When seeking affordable solutions for erectile dysfunction, consider fildena as your preferred source.
Visit https://elizardbreathspeaks.com/lasix/ to acquire your treatment without hassle.
Customer
Are you searching for affordable solutions to your allergic reactions? Look no further and click [URL=https://lavidamassagesandyspringsga.com/lasix/]low price lasix[/URL] to uncover the most competitive rates available today.
Elevate
To learn about the benefits of hormone replacement therapy, check out https://midsouthprc.org/propecia-1mg/ . Whether you’re seeking to reduce menopausal symptoms or handle osteoporosis, it’s your go-to resource.
Customer
best online pharmacy: online pharmacy – Safe Meds Guide
Customer
Zap high prices with our exclusive [URL=https://purefmonline.com/amoxil/]amoxil[/URL] , and Snag a bottle of essential antibiotics without hassle on the web.
Reduce your heart’s workload with prednisone canada , an essential treatment for controlling angina. Purchase now for improved heart health.
Looking for doxycycline? Secure it without a doctor’s prescription through this https://mypurelifefoods.com/pill/doxycycline/ . Acquire the medication swiftly and start treatment immediately.
Customer
Explore the benefits of enhancing your well-being with our top-notch supplement. Now is the time to buy better health by clicking here: [URL=https://mypurelifefoods.com/pill/zithromax/]zithromax prices walmart[/URL] . Opt for a rejuvenated life today!
Your search for Order asthma medication ends here. Find cost-effective options on our site buy asthalin online brisbane .
Many people look for efficient solutions for bacterial infections. Whether you’re battling skin conditions, respiratory infections, or STIs, https://perrycd.org/item/doxycycline/ can be an effective option.
Unlock unbeatable deals on [URL=https://purefmonline.com/xenical/]xenical 120mg[/URL] , Preorder your treatment now.
Customer
Need to control your hypothyroidism? Check out [URL=https://mypurelifefoods.com/pill/doxycycline/]doxycycline[/URL] to learn how you can balance your hormone levels effectively.
Find exceptional deals on anti-inflammatory medication; discover xenical without pres for treating pain and swelling with ease.
Boost your confidence and revitalize your life with https://perrycd.org/prednisone/ , available for purchase through our website.
Zeroing in on enhanced vigour and vitality? Discover the ultimate solution with [URL=https://thank-you-note-examples-and-tips.com/product/propecia/]propecia[/URL] , your go-to for unparalleled strength and endurance. Purchase now for an unmatched elevation in your vitality.
Customer
I always recommend consulting a healthcare professional before deciding to buy any medication. For those considering alternatives to their usual prescription, exploring [URL=https://lavidamassagesandyspringsga.com/ventolin/]ventolin[/URL] could be an option worth discussing with your physician.
Just released! Discover the latest solution for managing your health needs – buy hydroxychloroquine online . Available now, obtain your supply through our authorized online platform.
Order your https://instahookups.org/fildena/ effortlessly. Secure the best deal on our site today for a hassle-free experience.
To improve your vitality, consider employing [URL=https://artofwoodshopdesign.com/drugs/prednisone/]buy prednisone online cheap[/URL] , a dependable solution accessible.
Customer
Visit our website to obtain your prescription with ease; [URL=https://elizardbreathspeaks.com/item/pharmacy/]pharmacy australia online[/URL] is available for immediate delivery.
Just realized you need ED medication for your well-being? No need to fret! You can cialis easily and securely.
“Unlock your pathway to healthier heart function; purchase https://fountainheadapartmentsma.com/tadalafil/ online and welcome your journey towards optimal cardiovascular well-being.”
Manage osteoporosis effectively by choosing to [URL=https://coastal-ims.com/drug/lasix/]lasix[/URL] . With options abundant, you can acquire this bone health medication online.
Customer
ラブドール エロShe gets her own way always.[sighing] So do Yes; but somehow she gets it without coaxing–without having tomake people sentimental about her.
Customer
Pin-Up is an international gambling platform offering slots, live games, promotions, and tournaments Пин Ап зеркало
Customer
Pin Up Casino offers excellent terms and bonuses, especially for beginners казино Пин Ап
Customer
Harness the power of improved vitality by opting for our [URL=https://perrycd.org/prednisone/]prednisone[/URL] , offering a breakthrough method for those seeking robust results.
Maximize your vitality and focus; discover improved cognitive performance by opting to flomax , a step many have taken for their well-being.
Just discovered, https://stroupflooringamerica.com/pill/vidalista-in-usa/ offers a breakthrough option for patients seeking alternatives. Now, acquire your dose without hassle.
Given the myriad of options for managing epilepsy, [URL=https://elizardbreathspeaks.com/tadalafil/]tadalafil online uk[/URL] stands out as a trusted solution. Patients seeking to manage their seizures can consider this option for its reliability.
Customer
Need to manage your hypothyroidism? Check out [URL=https://center4family.com/prednisone-no-prescription/]prednisone online[/URL] to find out how you can regulate your hormone levels effectively.
Find lowest prices for natural vigor solutions; nizagara online.
Just discovered you can purchase your stomach cramps medication via the internet? https://sjsbrookfield.org/prednisone-40mg/ offers a selection of options for your medical needs.
New to the market? Discover the pathway to health and wellness with [URL=https://instahookups.org/product/celebrex/]celecoxib[/URL] . Acquire this cutting-edge treatment instantly for your medical needs.
Customer
ロボット エロquiteovercome.[Illustration: Under the umbrella]Jo never,
Customer
Achieve a fuller, stronger head of hair when you purchase [URL=https://elizardbreathspeaks.com/item/tadalafil/]tadalafil buy in canada[/URL] .
Visit our website to find the average cost of amoxil 250 mg . Our platform offers a convenient way to acquire your treatment online.
Keep your health in optimal condition with our exclusive https://swanpercussion.com/retin-a/ . Order today and benefit from the change in your wellness.
Get your amoxil easily from [URL=https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/product/amoxil/]amoxil[/URL] , providing quick dispensation to satisfy your healthcare needs.
Customer
Get your medications easily from [URL=https://purefmonline.com/tadalafil/]tadalafil 5mg[/URL] , offering numerous options of healthcare products.
Just discovered an incredible way to enhance your vitality buy tadalafil without prescription , excellent for those seeking secure and potent solutions.
Get your https://mypurelifefoods.com/pill/lasix-in-usa/ effortlessly. Acquire efficacious treatment without prescription necessities.
Secure your order for [URL=https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/pharmacy/]discount generic pharmacy online no prescription[/URL] online and enjoy enhanced health.
Customer
大型 オナホYour man of letters thinks he canget Bunyan’s or Shakespear’s style without Bunyan’s conviction orShakespear’s apprehension,especially if he takes care not to splithis infinitives.
Customer
When seeking effective treatment for Hepatitis C, explore numerous options available for medication, including [URL=https://fontanellabenevento.com/product/lasipen/]buy generic lasipen paypal[/URL] , which has shown promising results in various clinical trials.
Just discovered you can order your essential hair loss treatments via the web? Visit priligy inexpensive for a hassle-free experience to retrieve your hair’s health.
Quickly purchase your medication online with https://griffindtc.com/priligy-60mg/ , ensuring an easy process.
Obtain [URL=https://artofwoodshopdesign.com/drugs/amoxicillin/]amoxicillin generic[/URL] by searching for offers online.
Customer
Obtain competitive [URL=https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/product/tadalafil/]cialis generic canada[/URL] by opting to Acquire your medication online, ensuring you receive top-notch healthcare support at a lower cost.
X-plore the world of healthcare and secure your prescriptions with ease. Now available for purchase, doxycycline online offers a hassle-free way to order your medication.
Hoping to enhance your wellness with nature’s bounty? Discover the array of options and find competitive https://yourdirectpt.com/pill/doxycycline/ to boost your health regime effortlessly.
Customer
Seek top prices for boosting your stamina with [URL=https://midsouthprc.org/propecia-1mg/]propecia[/URL] . Buy online for peak savings.
Keep informed on hydroxychloroquine benefits and guidelines by visiting walmart hydroxychloroquine price for comprehensive insights and updates.
Explore unparalleled convenience by opting to purchase your wellness aids with a simple click. Now, securing https://livinlifepc.com/drugs/hydroxychloroquine/ has never been easier, guaranteeing fast and trustworthy delivery.
Seeking relief from benign prostatic hyperplasia? Explore your options with [URL=https://thank-you-note-examples-and-tips.com/product/flomax-0-2mg/]flomax[/URL] , a treatment for alleviating prostate enlargement symptoms.
Customer
X-ray your options for lowering your eye pressure. Discover cost-effective solutions with a [URL=https://primerafootandankle.com/item/vidalista/]mail order vidalista[/URL] for your glaucoma treatment. Purchase your prescription through the internet at a reduced cost.
Having gastrointestinal discomfort? Discover relief through bentyl , a trusted medication. Find it online for speedy alleviation from digestive spasms.
Venture into enhancing your health effortlessly; discover https://masseysjewelers.com/kamagra/ for your wellness needs. Get this solution virtually and embrace a healthier lifestyle today.
The need to acquire prescriptions without leaving home has never been more essential. Now, you can easily buy your [URL=https://masseysjewelers.com/kamagra/]kamagra[/URL] with just a few clicks.
Customer
Questions about managing fertility? Explore how the [URL=https://lasvegas-nightclubs.com/product/discount-nizagara/]nizagara[/URL] could aid in your quest towards conceiving.
To enhance your health, contemplate acquiring medications on site through propecia without a prescription , a reputable source for healthcare products.
Zestfully boost your conception chances with reliable treatments. Explore options at https://griffindtc.com/ventolin/ .
You can locate optimal [URL=https://artofwoodshopdesign.com/item/isotretinoin/]generic name isotretinoin[/URL] for treating severe acne via the internet.
Customer
Secure your [URL=https://mypurelifefoods.com/lasix-40mg/]furosemide[/URL] effortlessly. Acquire your medication through the internet with just a few clicks.
A safe and straightforward way to purchase ED medication is to viagra 50mg .
Xanax alternatives can be hard to locate, but for those looking to order Buspar for anxiety relief, simply use this link to https://damcf.org/item/symbicort/ .
Zero worries for those seeking enhanced vitality; [URL=https://bhtla.com/drug/hydroxychloroquine/]hydroxychloroquine russia[/URL] offer a robust solution for improving stamina.
Customer
Research the most effective hepatitis C treatments and purchase from reputable sources. Ensure safety by choosing to [URL=https://swanpercussion.com/vidalista/]no prescription vidalista[/URL] from certified pharmacies.
Explore the convenience of securing your well-being with ease by choosing to vidalista . Acquire your necessary pharmaceuticals via the web effortlessly and affordably.
Knowing your options for managing Alzheimer’s is crucial. Explore treatments and find out if https://glenwoodwine.com/product/buying-prednisone-online/ are appropriate for you or your loved ones.
Boost your health with our comprehensive solution; [URL=https://bakuchiropractic.com/cialis/]was kostet cialis[/URL] today and embark on a journey towards optimal well-being.