Pozos, the Ghost Town
(The Cristero War That Killed It!)
The Mighty Sierra Gorda Mountains
by William J. Conaway, Copyright, 1997 Photographs by William Maher
The great Africa empire builder, Cecil Rhodes once said:
México will one day furnish the gold, silver, and copper of the world; from her hidden vaults, her subterranean treasure houses will come the riches that will build the empires of tomorrow.
And according to noted Geologist, William D. Pancznen in “Minerals of Mexico”, 1989:
The belt of active volcanism in South Central México is the province of Sierra de los Volcanes. The area has good potential for future production of mineral specimens if more field exploration is conducted.
………..
Part 1
POZOS, THE
GHOST TOWN
In the northeast quadrant of the State of Guanajuato in the Sierra Gorda mountains you will find the lost, ignored, nearly abandoned city of San Pedro de los Pozos. Today Mineral de Pozos forms a part of the municipal area of San Luis de la Paz, Guanajuato.
TO GET THERE FROM SAN MIGUEL DE ALLENDE
To get to Mineral de Pozos from San Miguel de Allende:
Take the Querétaro exit, Salida de Querétaro and Just after you pass the towers of the regional prison turn left. This highway will take you through the town of Los Rodriguez toward the ton of Dr. Mora. About 35 kilometers/22 miles later you will come to the main highway (57). Turn left towards San Luis Potosi and head north approximately 18 kilometers/ 11 miles. (There’s a shorter way, but it’s not as spectacular, and you will exit that way.)
Before you come to the turn off for San Luis de la Paz you will pass a small dirt road (you probably won’t see it’s too
late, but no matter make a U-turn at the gas station that’s just ahead on the right). When you turn off Highway 57 at the point indicated for Pozos (on this side of the road there’s a sign!) you will be on a fairly good dirt road (10 kilometers) through beautiful cactus country going up and up into the beginnings of the Sierra Gorda. Persevere it’s worth it!
Ruins of the Cinco Señores Mine
(A large part of the Cinco Señores mine [off to your left] is now fenced off and posted. If you want to see this area go to the hotel “Casa Mexicana” on the Main square in town to arrange a tour. Better yet make reservations [468] 8-2598, 8-3030, Ext. 116 ask for Juan Jose), and stay the weekend in a beautifully restored 18th century mansion!)
The chapel on top of the high hill is the Capilla de la Santa Cruz, built in 1922 (more than 300 years newer than the ruins!). It’s the site of celebration every year on May 3rd (Día de la Santa Cruz).
A word or two of caution: some of those mine shafts go WAY DOWN… And I have seen a rattlesnake up there, so you might take a little care where you step, and where you put your hands — not any great cause for concern—just exercise a little prudence. O.K.? I’ve scrambled all over the place and had a good time doing it.
Ruins of the ore processing area
There it sits for your appreciation, perhaps contemplation. I have found some very nice souvenirs (no picture postcards here) among the mine tailings—rocks with either oxidized silver or, occasionally, a fleek of fools gold in them.
The large building lined with holes along the roof line is the remains of the first electrical power plant installed in the early 1900’s
La Boca Mina – Mouth of a Mine
FACILITIES Abundant Nature!
PRIVACY: Well, I could tell you a. story or two, but all I’ll say is if you can’t find a quiet spot here — you’re not looking!
Ruins of a Long-Forgotten Chapel
Scattered all about you are the remains of 18th and 1911i century mines and their outbuildings. The short-rounded pillars are linderos, boundary lines.
The road will load you into town where there’s lots more to see!
Nothing impresses the mind with a deeper feeling of loneliness than to tread the silent and deserted scene of former throng and Pageant, wrote Washington Irving.
This forlorn ghost town is all that remains of a glorious past. Its ghosts walk these streets in the darkness of the night with impunity. The modem day residents of the city are used to them and know better than to venture outdoors in the dark.
The architecture of the city itself represents various epochs. According to the rise and fall of the mining industry. Today the mines are idle. Only a few families eke out an existence digging out their own ore, pulverizing it and extracting what precious metals their poor holdings contain.
This arid city at an elevation of 7,500 feet has a most agreeable climate, and a tranquil atmosphere. It’s an inviting place to rest, meditate, write, paint, or to photograph.
THE HISTORY
This semi-arid region was homo to many . nomadic tribes: Huachichiles, Guamares, Copuces, Guaxabanes, Jonaces, and the Pames. The narre Chichimeca means barbarian in Nahuatl (language of the Aztecs). It was applied to all of these tribes and more. The other major tribe in Ibis area were the Otomis. These last ~re, farmers, traders, and not nomadic.
Querétaro was conquered by Otomi Chieftains, who liad adopted Spanish names and the Spanish religion and who were rewarded with Spanish titles.
In 1528 (a year before the area of Guanajuato was explored) this arca of eastern Guanajuato was scouted by the conquistadores Nicolás de San Luis Montañez and Fernando de Tapia. In 1542,. Fray Juan de San Miguel with Indian guides (Catecumenes, Otomis, and Tarascos) settled the town of San Miguel el Viejo.
The purpose of this settlement was to dominate and convcrt the native population to Christianity. They weren’t having much success when in 1554 an attack by the Capuces decimated its population.
The following year the Spaniards brought in Teochichimecas to found the settlement of San Miguel el Grande as a frontier outpost to guard against the barbarian Indians. It was considered a strategic spot, for the placement of troops. This mission was assigned to Angel de Villafaña by Viceroy Luis de Velasco around 1555.
These strategic bases served to study the customs of these “barbarians” as well as their fighting. strategies in order to dominate and convert them.
THE CHICHIMECA WAR
During the reign of Viceroy Don Martín Enríquez de Almanza fori s, presidios, were erected along the Royal Road, Camino Real. This road stretched from Veracruz through México City, San Miguel, Guanajuato to Zacatecas.
Gold and silver were transported south to the mint in Mexico City, and the crown’s share (taxes) were sent to the coast for eventual shipment to Spain. And goods from allover the world were shipped north to the wealthy mine and hacienda owners. And so it was that in the year 1576 the first fort was built in this northeast comer of the state. This fort was named Palmar de Vega, and its ruins can be found in the area of Santa Brígida (just out of town to the south).
This fort failed to pacify the tribes, and it wasn’t until the 8th Viceroy, Don Luis de Velasco and his son the Marquéz de Salinas, commissioned the Jesuit missionary Gonzalo de Tapia to the task that there was any success. This missionary learned the language and the customs of the local tribes very rapidly, and was able in 1589 to persuade them to settle in town, and negotiated terms for peace. This same missionary’s activities extended to Dolores (Hidalgo) and Xichú.
A year later a peace pact was signed with the Indian chieftains and Don Diego de Tapia, Capitán General de Chichimecas in San Luis de la Paz (named so because of the treaty), Nación Chichimeca, Capital del territorio Nacional de Sierra Gorda de Guanajuato putting an end to the (at that time) most prolonged confrontation of the Conquest (40 years).
It was during this time, with the aid of the pacified Indians no doubt, the first mine was begun, Mineral de Pozos del Palmar. It was the property of this Capitán General de Chichimecas, Don Diego de Tapia.
Although the prehispanic cultures had been mining precious metals for some time the Spaniards taught them Euro-pean methods of ore extraction.
In these days they used alloys of 2 or more metals to obtain fusion at a lower temperature. Gold and copper, silver and copper, lead and copper, etc. Some vestige remains of the ovens used in smelting the ores “Hornos Jesuitas” built in 1595. This method proved to be impractical because of the lack of wood to fire the ovens.
(During this epoch they mined the Santa Brígida, Mina Grande, San Juan Reforma, and the Ocampo for silver and gold.)
THE MINING BEGINS
Most of us have no idea how gold and silver end up where they’re found, but the following paragraph from “México Adventures!”, by your’s truly might help:
Gold, silver, platinum, and other precious metals were introduced into the earth’s crust by the action of magma which forced its way upward from the much hotter and Huid strata below. The heat of the magma tended to separate and concentrate the various elements. By thrusting upwards, the magma created cracks (fissures, they’re called) in the overlying sedimentary rock. As all of this material was lifted the pressure was reduced (somewhat like taking the lid off of a pressure cooker), and streams of super hot gasses and water carried various minerals into the fissures the magma had created. As these intrusions or veins (oftentimes containing gold and silver along with the rock) cool they solidify. Deep mining operations follow these veins back down into the earth.
Finding the biggest concentrations of minerals on the west side of the fort they began to build homes near small springs that appeared on a downhill arroyo (the site of the city).
So the people of Pozos frankly lived in abundance while lavishly spending large fortunes. They were intimately acquainted with other gold squanderers, with gamblers, with irreligious livers, and criminals to such an extent that all these things seemed to be but the natural and ordinary way of life. They squandered great amounts of money in centers of vice and pleasure, and provoked great neighborhood scandals, by squandering gold and more gold during the gambling season, which really lasted all the year long.
One of the most successful, Pedro Romero de Terreros, Count of Regla was a legendary figure:
By 1774 he had drawn more than $5.2 million dollars (present day) from the Vizcaína mine (Real del Monte, Pachuca). He presented King Charles III of Spain with 2 warships. He lent $1 million to the Court of Madrid which was never repaid. Purchased immense estates, and was saíd to have left his children a fortune equaled in México only by the Count of Valenciana.
In the parochial church (built in 1735) a book was found; “Libro de Indios, mulatos, Negros” (these last classifications were given because of the intermingling between Spaniards and Indians, Criollos and Indians, Mestizos and Indians y Negro slaves (approximately 250,000 African slaves were brought in to work the mines of México) dated 1602.
The converts usted were exorcised, given instruction, baptized, and given a Christian name as well as a last name designating their cast. The book was signed by a missionary Dionisio Razo Montemayor.
Not all the so called Chichimecas surrendered their way of life or their pagan faith. Many of them merely moved farther into the hills and deserts. They’re there today!
Over the years Pozos has had various narres. From Palmar de Vega, San Pedro was added in 1658 (for the patron saint imposed upon the various ethnic groups brought in to work in the mines). Later the Palmar de Vega was dropped and the word Pozos added (this identifies the shafts of the mines) San Pedro de los Pozos to which was sometimes added Real (Royal) to signify a fortified place guarded by Dragones de la Reina (Spanish Cavalry). A large percentage of the profits of the mines was passed on to the crown in the forro of taxes to pay for this protection.
The surrounding countrysidewas farmed to provide food and the enormous amounts of fodder for the horses and mules needed to work the mines. Workers, shoring, and tools had to be lowered by means of horse/ mule drawn elevators, malacates, and the miners, water, and ore had to be brought up. Work went on 24 hours a day, 7 days a week probably only stopping–forfiestas. Draft animals were used to pulverize the rock, and mixing in the chemicals to separate the elements.
Some of these ejidos were huge extending 5,572 meters (1 league) on each of its 4 sides. Huge wood lots existed to supply firewood and shoring for the mines and the population. (In those days the nearby hills were covered with trees.)
LIFE IN THE STREETS AND PLAZAS OF COLONIAL MEXICO
During the 16th and 17th centuries little was known about the spread of disease and the need for sanitation. The streets were open sewers fall of garbage, discarded clothes, dead dogs and cats, broken crockery, and any other disgusting thing that carne to hand. All thrown down from the windows of the houses on either side.
The plazas were open air markets full of pig stys, chicken coops, sheep and goat pens, and cows waiting to be milked. There were slaughter houses with no regard paid to the rotting blood spilled on the paving stones. The overwhelming numbers of stray dogs, living off the refuse, were surpassed only by the amount of fijes swarming over everything.
It wasn’t until the 18th century that they began to illuminate the streets and plazas at night. When forced to leave their homes at night the nobles were preceded by their Negro slaves carrying fiaming torches. Many a poorer resident, coming home in the dark, found himself drenched with unspeakable filthiness thrown out of an upper story window on his way home. (México City had no public illumination until 1970!)
Everywhere balconies jutted out over the streets below. Balconies full of drying laundry; their rotting wooden windows and broken panes of glass occasionally falling on the heads of passersby.
Display counters were shoved right to the front doors of the houses forcing people to stand in the street to buy, obstructing passage to the milling throngs of people on market day. These throngs were also forced to dodge and duck hanging merchandise and signs to avoid banging their heads.
Not only were the poorly paved streets full of buyers and strolling vendors; but also of horses, mules, and donkeys grazing on the sidewalks or in the middle of the street leaving steaming piles of manure in the path of unwary promenaders.
The poor in rags brought down not only by the miserable salaries but by their vices (alcohol and gambling the most predominate). Giving rise to thievery and thugs which supplied the jails with prisoners and cemeteries with corpses. The prisoners were paraded through the streets on their way to the gallows or prison being publicly whipped for their offenses. Sent to their fate by the Sala del Crimen, el Tribunal de la Acordada, or by the Santa Inquisición.
Also in evidence on these same streets were the severe clerics in elegant robes or black capes. Franciscan friars, Dominicans, Carmelite nuns, etc. in their impressive habits. The nobles promenaded in ostentatious clothes on foot, in sedan chair, on horseback or in carriage, and with their Negro slaves, men and woman, uniformed and in colorful silks.
Processions of sisterly orders, altar societies, and other groups paraded on their way to convents, monasteries, or churches carrying their colorful, silken standards or embroidered icons of saintly figures. These processions were the most popular forms of entertainment, and as such were magnificent. Or the processions of penitents bare to the waist whipping themselves bloody.
The town criers would pose on horseback, announced by trumpets they would read aloud the edicts of the Viceroys or Alcaldes for all to hear and take note of. Or the barkers in fancy dress would announce the coming of the cockfights, bullfights, circus, tumblers, etc. And sometimes perhaps a clown would parade telling jokes or reciting verses for coins.
There were an abundance of beggars. The (Except for the extreme examples of poor blind and the lame dragging themselves sanitation and public whipping much along showing their disgusting limbs and remains the same!)
EXTRACTING RICHES FROM THE ORE
A process for extracting precious metals from the ore known as the Patio method was invented by Bartolomé Medina in the Real del Monte mine in Pachuca, México, 1555, and was used all over the world. It was used to great advantage all over México because fuel for firing the huge smelters, that were otherwise necessary, was in short supply in most mining districts in México.
Patio Method:
In the early years after the discovery of the patio method the Ore was ground up first using sledge hammers and then hammers breaking the rocks into pieces small enough to pass through a one-inch hole in a rough cowhide screen (this was even done by women and children). (The especially high grade ore was reserved for smelting.) Then it was ground further with mules trodding over it.
In later years the ore was pulverized in grinding apparatuses called arrastres. These were circular troughs 8-10 feet in diameter, 3 feet deep lined with the hardest rock available. Large wooden booms were suspended from a pole sunk in the center with heavy stones hung from them. These booms were drug by mule power around in a circular motion. After about 24 hours water was added to the resulting powder making it into a slush.
It was then scattered into large stone floored patios where common salt, vegetable ashes, and pire bark or manure was added. This mixture was further ground up for a certain period of time depending on its “heat”, and then depending on the nature of the mixture lime or copper pyrites magistral were added. (“If the action of the salt on the slime seemed to generate too much “heat”, the lime “cooled” it; if, on the other hand, the mixture was too “cool”,the copper pyrites “heated” it.
After several days of more “mixing”, and the “torta” was perfect, mercury was added. The amount of mercury depended on the quality of the ore. The “torta” was thoroughly mixed by horses, mules or by barefoot workmen trampling the metallic mud to allow the mercury to combine with the silver.
This mixture (process which took from 5 weeks to 3 months, depending on the purity of the metal, to complete) was then washed with water separating the amalgam from the earthy parts. It was then distilled to remove the mercury and then the silver was poured into ingots.
Improvements of the system were gradually made, one of which was the use of huge wooden barrels filled with water to grind the “slush” after mercury was added to save the lives of the animals, and to speed up the mining process. (Previously the animals would be slowly poisoned to death by the absorption of the mercury.)
Investment capital was always a problem. Two kinds of investors, aviadores, were popular. The first kind became a partner in the mine and took a risk that it would produce. The other kind was a limited partnership that was paid off in silver, bonanza or no.
Labor shortages were also a big problem. The Indians were needed on the livestock ranches and the farms too. Part of the problem was solved by bringing in slaves, and the rest were paid by the partido system (part of their pay consisted of unrefined but sorted ore, a more lucrative system for the miners).
(Serious problems were encountered in later years when the mine operators
The other major problem of Mexican colonial mining was the extraction of excess water from the mine shafts. In the early years it was raised in buckets fashioned from uncured cow/horse hile by a rope attached to a windlass hoists, malacates, driven by horse/mule power. They were unable to mine below 130 yards because they couldn’t keep ahead of the water. (At orle point they used a gallop method whereby a.team of horse would be made to gallop around and around nonstop for an hour or so, and then they would change teams. This would go on 24 hours a day every day so you can imagine the numbers of animals they needed to have.)
Horizontal shafts, adits, were dug, complete with vertical ventilation shafts, deep into the bases of the mountains containing the mines at enormous expense to drain the water from the veins of gold and silver. Owners of all the effected mines were asked to pay the costs. (It was normal for competing mines to work the same vein.) Some were unable to and were forced out. The Spanish crown’s mining concessions were good only as long as the mine was continuously worked!)
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
When the War for Independence began work stopped in the mines. The farm workers and the miners went off to fight for freedom. Mercury and the other chemicals used in the separation process became scarce (the Spanish Colonial government had provided mercury to Mexican miners ata subsidized price), and the investment capital, previously supplied by wealthy Spaniards, dried up. The mine owners were Royalist. The workers were the insurgents.
After the War (1821) fine new Republic was in a shambles. The populace had been decimated by the War. Labor, which always had been a big problem, became impossible. “The war had hurt the region terribly. Tire population of the city, nearby ranches, and haciendas was listed at only 8,000 inhabitants.” The mine owners, those that remained, were economically unable to reopen their mines. “All was in ruins!”
In 1825 British investors were approached to come join the new Republic and for a limited concession rebuild the mining industry. Practical industry light scores of companies were formed in London and the British investors came to the rescue.
They brought “modem” mining methods with them in the form of steam engines. These were used to power pneumatic drills and pump out the water that was a constant problem for the miners. They also brought in British labor. These Scots, Irish, and Welshmen kept mostly to themselves, ran the expensive machines, and treated the Mexican laborers with contempt.
Their investment, however, never paid off due, some said, to poor management or labor problems, but México came out very well prepared to continue on their own with the new infrastructure in place.
In 1880 the town was renamed Ayuntamiento Popular del Mineral de Pozos. Its limits were: to the north San Luis de la Paz, to the south San José Iturbide, to the west San Miguel de Allende. (And to the east the Gulf of México?).
THE GOLDEN AGE
The “golden age” of Pozos was the second half of the 18th century through 1910. The population reached 70,000 people. The riches from the mines supplied the owners and shareholders with fabulous profits, making them some of the richest people in the world at the time. (This explains the great architectural achievements of this era.) “They built some luxurious churches in gratitude to the generosity of Divine Providence.”
At the end of the 18th century beginning of the 19th important discoveries of Mercury were found in the State: San Juan de la Chica, Rincón de Centeno, Durazno, and Real de Pozos, Marchena, El Compás, Insurgentes, h74 Samaritana, Magdalena, and Morelos.
The mining company Cinco Señores was organized in 1888 and included the mines: La Joya, Justicia, Nayalito, Santa Lucía, and Guadalupana (5 mines) with 33 shareholders. It began paying enormous dividends in 1890 (the first real bonanza in Mineral de Pozos since 1765 at the Santa Brígida).
A third company was formed, Angustias Dolores, y Anexas, which included the mines: El Pilar, Dolores, El Triangulo, El Fénix, and San Francisco and…La sociedad Minera de Pozos operated the mines: Progreso, Porvenir, Tesoro, Previsora, Esperanza, Reforma, Cuña, Sovacón and Dios Nos Guíe. San Rafael mining operated: The San Rafael, Juárez, El Compás, Virginia, Carabelas, Magdelena, Insurgentes, Samaritana, Hidalgo and Morelos. Compañia Nacional Minera: San Augustín, San Silverio, Mariquita Josephina, Cadena, Sitiadora, El Danubio, Melladito, Santa Isabel, La Escuadra, and Fundidora. La Compañia Queretana: Potosina, Animas and Perdón.
Also operating during those years independently were some 126 other mines which were operated in the old manner (horse/mule power). This was an incredible number of mines and miners, and didn’t include the gold panning of the surrounding hills and streams. (A system of dry panning was used in the dry desert gullles.)
A narrow gauge railway operated between Las Mesas de Jesús, El Bozo, and Pozos supplying the mine with wood, sulfate, pyrites, copper carbonate, and mercury.
Profits were extremely high and the number of claims increased to more than 500 at the Agencia de Fomento de San Luis de la Paz. Some 50 employee held companies were formed some of which operated with foreign investors: American Smelting, Cuba Libre, etc.
As the mines prospered so did the city. New businesses flooded in among which were: the Fábrica de Francia, Fábricas of Paris, La Fama, El Vesubio, and theaters were built. Saloons, house of pleasure, and gambling also boomed…
With business expansion carne immigrants from France, Spain, Italy; Germany, Portugal, Asia, England, and the United States as well as workers from: Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Estado de México, Hidalgo, etc.
Ciudad Porfirio Diaz
The City was renamed on May 7, 1897 by decree from the then governor of fue State, Lic. Joaquin Obregón González. Porfirio Diaz was the President of the Republic, and with foreign investment and work ethics cau sed a boom in industry bringing México rudely into the 20th century.
From May, 1893 to June of 1907 the city government built. model schools (Escuelas Modelo), the city hall (Palacio Municipal) complete with dock, public water hydrants, the market (Plaza Zaragoza), the jail, cobblestoned the streets, brought in telephone service, and other civic improvements. (The popular name remained Mineral de Pozos, of course.)
In July of 1905 the city of Guanajuato suffered a flood. All the cities of the State were ordered (another decree) to cough up 50% of their treasuries to aid in their sister cities rebuilding. One of the largest contributors was Ciudad Porfirio Diaz.
During this time (1900) the railroad (Ferrocariles Nacionales de México) connected Ciudad Porfirio Diaz with Estación La Petaca-Rincón (Rio Laja). Soon after that a steam powered electric generator began operating supplying the region with electricity. (The first mine electric plant was u sed in the Santa Ana mine in nea rby San Luis Potosi.) The mines benefited greatly with electric elevators, ventilators, and pumps all of which benefited the population immensely, the introduction of the Cyanide Method, invented in México in 1893, and even more precious metals were extracted from the ore. Ancient tailings were resubmitted to this method extracting more precious metal than could ever llave been imagined in years past! México’s maximum mining activities peaked in the years 1909-1910.
(The other churches, nearly all in complete ruin, are: El Templo del Señor de la Misericordia (oldest and most completely destroyed] ; the Templo de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, to the south of town in barrio, de la Vizcaina; La Santa Casa and the El Santuario de El Señor de los Trabajos, to the east; and in the west Templo de Nuestra Señora del Refugio, and so you can imagine how the economy boomed. Business flourished (especially the saloons, gambling houses, and other dens ofiniquity). On the one hundred year anniversary of the Cry of Independence (September 15, 1910) the President of the Republic, Porfirio Diáz, called for an entire year of celebrations! (His last hurrah.)
THE REVOLUTION
Du ring the Revolution 1910-1917 work ceased in the mines due to the instability of the economy, lack of capital, cessation of imported equipinent (spare parts), etc.
Mineral Pozos itself was not involved in the fighting, but its men were conscripted to fight on either side and parties of bandits roamed the countryside.
Work on the miners Sanctuary (Santuario de El Señor de los Trabajos) ceased. Even when the conflict ended there was little money in circulation for the necessary investment capital to reopen the mines. They had to be rehabilitated and millions of gallons of water that had accumulated in them had to be pumped out. The town reclaimed its name of Mineral de Pozos, but the population had shrunk dramatically.
Limited activity began again in 1920 and through the efforts of the remaining popu – lation the Chapel of the Santa Cruz was completad in 1922. (The lonely little church on the top of the bare hill aboye the ancient mines.)
Clandestine church services were held in peoples homes, and at same time the state and city government was loyal to the federal government.
The political support of the population of Pozos and of the entire area went to another Pozos man, General Celestino Gasca who declared himself dissident Governor of the State. He established a government in exile in nearby San Diego de la Unión (about 50 miles northwest of Pozos towards San Luis Potosi).
A battle occurred here near Cerro del Aguila (near the abandoned mines). A troop of federal cavalry trying to trap the rebels was slaughtered by local Cristeros. (One resident remembers the people butchering the fallen horses for food!)
Probably because of this battle, in 1928, a priest, Enrique Conteras Ruiz was executed by federal troops because he refused to give them information about the whereabouts of the rebels.
A riot ensued and the Presidential Palace was burned. All the important records were lost in the blaze, birth, wedding, death, property deeds, etc. The population of Pozos was considered to be trouble makers and dissidents (crickets or grillos in the local vernacular) and revenge was swift.
After pitched battles being fought all over the state during the 3 years of revolt with thousands of lives lost, and hundreds of thousands of lives disrupted the Governor and the 32nd Legislature of the State of Guanajuato on October 10, 1928 declared the cities of Pozos and La Luz insolvent. Their territory would be annexed to San Luis de la Paz and Guanajuato respectively which effectively took away their political influence, privileges, and lessened their importance.
And San Jose Iturbide was renamed Ciudad Alvaro Obregón (despised enemy of the Cristeros) on January 1, 1929. (Also on Pozos’ doorstep is the town of Dr. Mora named for the father of Mexican Liberalism also a despised enemy of the conservative Cristeros.
These measures, by popular belief, were designed to punish the people for their support of the Cristeros.
(The failure of the rebellion caused the persecution of many of the participants in the rebellion as well as its supporters.)
Today the population of Pozos has returned to 4,000 people. You’d never know it as you wander around the town because most of them work elsewhere.
MORE CATASTROPHES
The Great Depression caused the price of precious metals to fall and caused worldwide economical chaos. Pozos was no exception. The mine owners found no interest in reviving the mining industry until much later.
In 1934 with the rise in the price of gold and silver the Compañia Mineral El Carmen S.A. began working, and a workers union, el Sindicato Industrial de Trabajadores Metalúrgicos y Similares de la Republica Mexican, Sección #35 was formed. The company, along with some independents, went broke in only 1 year through pressure from the union to form La Cooperativa de Mineros Metalúrgicos de la sección #35.
The miners thought that in this manner they would preserve their jobs and guarantee prosperity for the city, but the lack of credit and equipment made it impossible. It seems that even though they had discovered new veins of precious metal at 250 meters deep the water had flooded them out. (The amount of water in the mines was impossible to remove by any means then and now!) This was the end of commercial mining in Mineral de Pozos (1940). Some mining goes on today in clandestine operations by locals. They eke out an existence working unregistered claims.
Gold and silver along with all those other minerals remains underground here in Pozos, waiting for the next Boom Time! Perhaps nuclear pumps?
The miners and other workers moved away to find work in other cities, and the businesses closed their doors. Everyone dismantled and carried away anything of value leaving the once magnificent city alone and abandoned. The population shrank to only 300!
The town was described by an anonymous chronicler:
It has the air of a village sacked by Cossacks, or of something yet more desolate. The tempus edax of the poets has here used his scythe with inexorable cruelty. The roofs are perforated and falling in, the walls crumbling down, and, in short, the whole village con-verted into a mass of ruins…. The cause of this decay is obvious enough. This district has no resources when the mines are not worked, which has been the case at Mineral de Pozos for a very long time.
MUCH LATER
1963 – the highway from San Luis de la Paz was paved.
1965 – telephone lines were brought back into the town.
1967 – (Pop. 1,000) a new drinking water network was installed.
1970 – a knitting mili was brought in by the Federal government.
1971 – all National mining reserves of the entire area were incorporated under the Secretario de Patrimonio Nacional.
1976 – a primary school was built.
1976 – the highway to San Jose Iturbide was paved.
1980 – the Escuela Telesecundaria was built.
1981 – population was included in the Unidad Médico Rural #3.
1982 – the Sala de Cultura and the Jardín de Niños was built.
Many films and soap operas have been filmed here throughout the years. Some of those are: “Pedro Paramo”, “Furia Bajo el Cielo”, “Las Cenizas de un Diputado”, and “La Cándida Eréndira”.
(occurs around the middle of May), the former citizens or their descendants come from all over to enjoy along with the permanent residents the celebration of the Patron Saint of the Miners, El Señor de los Trabajos. This is an all-out 4 day celebration.
On July 27, 1982 the President of the Republic, José López Portillo, declared the city of Mineral de Pozos a Zone of Historic Monuments to conserve its venerable characteristics. The population today (1996) is 4,000 souls.
As you finish up your time in Mineral de Pozos contemplate what Longfellow wrote in 1839:
Look not mournfully into the Past. It comes not back again. Wisely improve the Present. It is thine. Go forth to meet the shadowy Future, without fear, and with a manly heart.
THE 19TH & 2Oth CENTURY MINING HISTORY OF GUANAJUATO IN BRIEF
During the War for Independence the mines were shut down (21 years). They had no access to mercury; the key chemical, in those days, for extracting silver and gold from the crushed rock. And most of the men left to fight for Independence. The population shrank from a high (1765) of 70,000 to only 6,000 people. Most of its businesses were burned by the Royalists and times were very lean “all was desolation” until the famous historian and México’s Minister of foreign and domestic affairs, Lucas Alamán, encouraged British investment (he became a board member of Unida de Minas), Guanajuato, Compañia Mexicana, Real del Monte, and Compañia Tlalpujahua. (Compañia Guanajuato failed almost immediately.)
The marriage of British investors with Mexican owners and miners was a tumultuous one, but after 20 years of total domination by the British they had rehabilitated all of the major mines, they had introduced steam engines for water extraction, the elevators and all mechanical tasks, and had explored for and found other deposits. They didn’t, however, find any bonanzas. They returned the mines to the owners in excellent condition prepared for modem mining in every respect. But they lost more than $5,000,000 dollars doing it.
The only British company to survive past mid-century was the Unida de Minas, and by then it had been so reorganized that it could hardly be considered the same company.
(The Compañia Anglo-Mexicana took, on contract, the Casa de Moneda (mint) in Guanajuato from 1824 until 1864.) The miners had to be paid in silver coins. The ingots of silver had to be shipped to Guanajuato or México City to the mints, and the coins were shipped back to the mines to pay the workers.
It was left to their successors to profit by the innovations made by the bankrupt British adventurers.
And profit they did. At Mineral de Pozos the mines were operating at a profit, and the bonanza discovered at the Cinco Señores mine in 1888 completed the recovery.
But by the end of the 19th century the mines were once again being neglected.
In 1904 innumerable American companies were formed to finance the modernization of the Guanajuato mining industry. The most important were: The Guanajuato Reduction and Mines Co., The Guanajuato Consolidated Mining and Milling Co., Peregrina Mining and Milling Co., The Guanajuato Development C o . , The Pengüico Mines Co., The Republic Mines Co., The Cubo Mining and Milling Co., and more.
These companies brought in all of the newest mining advances and technologies: Electric light, electric locomotives, elevated tram cars run by electricity, a newer method (the flotation method) for the extraction of precious metals from the ground up ore, and many more innovations.
They reprocessed the ancient tailings from the mines and extracted huge amounts of gold and silver from them. They increased exploration and found new deposits of ore that heretofore were deemed to be unprofitable. No data is available on the amount of profit made by these companies, and there was, once again, a lot of friction between the Americans and the owners and miners unions.
During the Revolution (1910) and the war of the Cristeros (a regional war fought against the church and its clerics) the mines were shut down again. They filled with water and in the midst of the worldwide Great Depression the owners couldn’t finance the reopening/refurbishing themselves. And the population dropped again.
When the price for precious metals rose in 1932 they granted mining concessions,
(In 1982 the State of Guanajuato produced 178 metric tons of Silver and 1,573 Kilos of gold.)
MINERALS MINED AT MINERAL DE POZOS AND SURROUNDING AREA
Azurite – Bismuthinite – Bismutite – Bornite Bromargyrite Calcite – Cerusite Chalcocite – Chalcopyrite – Chloraluminite Chrysocolla – Cinnabar – Copper Couellite Descloizite – Dolomite – Galena – Goethite Gold – Hematite – Iodargyrite – Litarge Malachite Massicot – Mercury – Opal Pargasite – Polybasite – Pyrite – Pyrolusite Silver – Sphalerite – Zircon.
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A system administrator is a person who is responsible for the upkeep, configuration, and reliable operation of computer systems, especially multi-user computers, such as servers. They work on the configuration and maintenance of the day-to-day operations and ensure that the server and client computers remain secure and perform well. This blog talks about the top system admin interview questions and answers divided into two sections, system admin interview questions and answers for freshers and system admin interview questions for experienced.
When talking about network security, one thing that matters is the centralized control of everything that the active directory can assure. The information and settings related to the development are stored in the central database.
A domain is a logical group of network objects like computers, users, and devices with the same active directory database. A tree is a collection of domains within a Microsoft active directory network in which each domain has exactly one parent, leading to a hierarchical tree structure. A forest is a group of active directory trees.
WINS stands for Windows Internet Name Service. This will allow the users to access resources by a computer name rather than an IP address. It is an operating system that uses a centralized computer that will provide specific functions and predetermined rules for the users and the computers connected to a Network. For example, if you want your computer to keep track of the names and IP addresses of other computers in your network.
The lingering object is a deleted active directory that remains on the restored domain controller in its local copy of the active directory. When an object is deleted from the active directory, a Tombstone (which is temporary) is created, which then has to be replicated by the domain controller before it expires, i.e., they seem to occur when some changes are made to the directories after the system backups are created.
Antivirus: We use antivirus to protect the system from computer viruses. When using your system, it actively monitors for any virus threats from different sources. If it finds any virus threats, it tries to clean or quarantine the virus and keeps your system and data safe.
Firewall: On the flip side, a firewall protects your system from outside/intruder/hacker attacks. Sometimes hackers may take control of your system remotely and steal your vital information or the data from the system. It happens mostly in cases when your system is connected directly to the internet or an extensive network. In that case, you should install a firewall on your pc to protect yourself from unauthorized access. It is either available in software or hardware form. If you have a single PC, the software firewall can do the work, but when you want to protect a large corporation, you have to install a hardware firewall to protect their system from such attacks.
Windows Server 2003: In this, you can backup the active directory using the NTBACKUP tool that is inbuilt with windows server 2003, or we can also use any 3rd party tool that will support this feature.
A domain controller (DC ) is a windows-based computer system that is used for storing user account data in a central database. The system administrator allows or denies users access to system resources, such as printers, documents, folders, network locations, etc.
It is an address that sends outgoing signals back to the same computer for testing purposes. It is managed entirely within the operating system so the client and the server process on a single system and can communicate. It is not physically connected to a network. It is useful because the loopback provides IT professionals with an interface to test the IP software without worrying about broken or corrupted drives or hardware.
It acts as the gateway between a local network (e.g., computers in a company) and a large-scale network (for ex: the internet). By using this server, there is an increase in performance and security as it can be used to prevent employees from browsing inappropriate and distracting sites.
We can say that it is a type of shared folder that stores group policy information, or we can say that it contains public files of the domain controllers, and the domain users can access it. Its significant feature is that it is used to deliver policy and login scripts to the domain members.
VOIP is important as it makes the user adopt modern techniques over traditional infrastructure. Using it, the users can use the transmission medium by delivering the voice packets designed for telephone calls. VoIP business solutions play a crucial role in streamlining operations and enhancing communication efficiency for organizations of all sizes.
The name itself suggests that it is used to deploy the windows operating system (i.e., there is no need to install each operating system directly from CD or DVD. Some tools are used for managing the server.
The LDAP (lightweight directory access protocol) is used to name the object in an AD (Active Directory) and makes it widely accessible for management and query applications. It is most commonly used to provide a central place to store the usernames and passwords.
It is a type of mechanism that is used by attackers to get authorized access to the system. The intruder sends the message to the computer with an IP address from a trusted source/host. We can prevent it by filtering packets using special routers and firewalls that allow packets with recognized formats to enter the network.
The memory that is occupied and is no longer in use is called garbage collection. One of the significant advantages of garbage collection is that it frees the user from dealing with memory deallocation. The higher level of programming languages has more garbage collection, and resources other than memory are not handled by garbage collection.
To perform an authoritative restore, we first need to perform a non-authoritative restore process. As we know that the authoritative restore can increment the version number of the attributes, this will make us restore an object in the directory. On the flip side, when we discuss the non-authoritative restore to determine the changes since the last backup, it will contact the replication partners after a domain controller is back online.
The application of the client/server is written in the form of communication objects. The client objects communicate with server objects using ORB (Object Request Broker). This server object provides support for concurrency and sharing.
NETBIOS is referred to as the network basic input or output system. It is a layer 5 protocol that is non-routable. It allows the applications to communicate with one another over LAN, or we can call it a local area network. NETBIOS normally runs over a TCP/IP, resulting in a network with both an IP address and a NETBIOS name corresponding to the hostname.
NETBUI: NetBEUI is an extended version of the NETBIOS. It is a networking protocol that IBM and Microsoft developed in 1985. It is a primary protocol for the Lan manager and windows for workgroups. It supports both connection-based and connectionless communication. It implements flow control and error detection. It is one of the fastest and most efficient protocols. The enhanced implementation of a protocol available on the Microsoft Windows NT operating system is called the NetBEUI frame. We should use it only on smaller network sizes as it relies more heavily on broadcast packets than on the TCP or an IP, i.e., it is unsuitable for WAN (wide area networks) and is also a non-routable protocol.
DHCP refers to dynamic host configuration protocol. This protocol is used to assign the IP address to the computers. So when we use the DHCP protocol, its IP address is changed whenever a computer is connected to a network. In other words, we can say that we will have different IP addresses. In some cases, the IP address is changed when the computer is in the network. We can say that a clear-cut advantage of the DHCP protocol is that rather than using the administrator to manage the IP address, we use the software.
TCP/IP is not a protocol but is a member of the IP protocol suite. The TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol and is a massively used protocol (for ex: HTTP, FTP & SSH). One of the benefits of TCP is that it establishes the connection on both ends before any data starts to flow. It is also used to sync up the data flow as if a case arrives when the packets arrive out of order, so the receiving system should be able to figure out what the puzzle of packets is supposed to look like.
When we want to communicate with the inside of a secured network, there is the use of a port forwarding table within the router or other connection management device that will allow the specific traffic to be automatically forwarded to a particular destination. It probably does not allow access to the server from outside directly into your network.
Powershell: it was introduced in the year 2006. We can open the power shell by typing PowerShell. It operates on both the batch commands and the PowerShell commands. It allows the user to navigate easily between the functions by providing the ability to create aliases for cmdlets or scripts. The output comes in the form of an object and can be passed from one cmdlet to another. It can also execute a sequence of cmdlets that are put together in a script. It is built on a net framework, so it has access to the programming libraries and can be used to run all types of programs. It supports the Linux-based system, can connect with the Microsoft cloud products, and integrates directly with WMI. It also has an ISE.
The RDP stands for Remote desktop protocol, as the name itself suggests about the nature of this protocol. It is one of the primary methods by which we can access the windows system remotely for troubleshooting purposes and is a software-driven method. In contrast, when we talk about the KVM, it refers to keyboard video and mouse, and it allows fast-switching between different systems by using the same keyboard monitor and mouse. It is a hardware-driven method or system in which a junction box is placed between the user and the systems. The KVM does not require any active network connection, so it is very useful to use the same setup on multiple networks without doing the cross talk. 99f5d2560f gilvish
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Можно также рассмотреть покупку iPhone через частные объявления на Avito, Юла или специализированных форумах. Однако стоит помнить, что приобретение гаджета таким способом сопряжено с риском получить неисправный аппарат или копию низкого качества. Поэтому рекомендуется проверять устройство лично перед покупкой.
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При выборе смартфона обратите внимание на следующие характеристики:
– Экран: Размер экрана влияет на комфорт просмотра фильмов, фотографий и веб-серфинга. Например, iPhone 16 оснащен дисплеем диагональю 6,1 дюйма, а iPhone 17 имеет экран размером 6,7 дюймов.
– Камера: Современные смартфоны оснащены качественными камерами с различными режимами съемки. Выбирайте модель исходя из ваших потребностей и предпочтений.
– Аккумулятор: Емкость аккумулятора определяет продолжительность автономной работы устройства. Чем больше емкость батареи, тем дольше ваш телефон сможет проработать без подзарядки.
– Память: Для хранения большого количества приложений, музыки, фото и видео рекомендуем выбирать модели с большим объемом памяти.
Также обратите внимание на дополнительные аксессуары, такие как чехлы, защитные стекла и зарядные устройства, которые помогут защитить ваше новое устройство и продлить срок его службы.
Таким образом, чтобы успешно купить iPhone в Уфе, достаточно определиться с моделью, местом покупки и внимательно подойти к выбору характеристик и аксессуаров.
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News Of The World is a fantastic film that covers the full spectrum of human emotions and includes an excellent performance from Tom Hanks and some beautiful visuals from Paul Greengrass in a story that follows an old man and a young woman who is forced to bond in the dangers of the wild west. After repeat viewings, this film continues to impress and grow. With top-notch video and audio elements and some decent extras, this 4K release comes HIGHLY RECOMMENDED!
Five years after the end of the Civil War, Captain Jefferson Kyle Kidd (Hanks), a widower and veteran of three wars, now moves from town to town as a non-fiction storyteller, sharing the news of presidents and queens, glorious feuds, devastating catastrophes, and gripping adventures from the far reaches of the globe. In the plains of Texas, he crosses paths with Johanna (Helena Zengel, System Crasher), a 10-year-old taken in by the Kiowa people six years earlier and raised as one of their own. Johanna, hostile to a world she’s never experienced, is being returned to her biological aunt and uncle against her will. Kidd agrees to deliver the child where the law says she belongs. As they travel hundreds of miles into the unforgiving wilderness, the two will face tremendous challenges of both human and natural forces as they search for a place that either can call home.
From a ship captain held hostage by pirates on the open ocean in Captain Phillips to a newsreader in the 1870s who helps a young orphan girl find a new family in the wild west with News Of The World, Tom Hanks and filmmaker Paul Greengrass have teamed up again for an equally fun and emotional outing that highlights even more nuances in Hanks’ acting armoire while introducing the new German actress Helena Zengel to the spotlight. News Of The World is an entertaining western film both with violent grit, heart, and some funny moments that never feels overly-played or cheesy, making it one of the better films of Greengrass and Hank’s later career.
Based on the 2016 novel of the same name by Paulette Jiles and adapted to the screen by Greengrass himself, the News Of The World focuses on an older man and Civil War veteran named Captain Jefferson Kyle Kidd, who travels from town to town, reading different newspapers to the townsfolk for a few coins, which is similar to the Coen Bros.’ “Meal Ticket” segment in The Ballad Of Buster Scruggs that had Liam Neeson carting around a man with no arms and legs do the same thing in the old west until a chicken showed up. On his journey, he comes across a dilapidated covered wagon and a few dead bodies where a young girl named Johanna has managed to survive a vicious attack.
News Of The World prints its way to Universal Home Video with exquisite technical specs. This set includes the 4K Disc, the Blu-ray Disc, and the Digital Code. Both discs are housed in a hard, black, plastic case with a cardboard sleeve featuring the artwork of the two main leads, including Hanks looking off into the frontier. There is an insert for a digital code as well.
News Of The World comes with a magnificent 2160p UHD image with HDR10 (HDR10+ is available but not reviewed here) that was sourced from its native 4K digital intermediate and the results are nothing less than stellar with superb detail and an amazing desert-like color palette.
This western film is ripe with amazing natural colors that are rustic and sun-drenched with amazing-looking ambers, oranges, yellows, and shades of green in the shrubs and trees. Rocks and wood lodgings bring out their natural brightness and colors with the HDR that enhances even the simplest of tones. During the intense gunfight, the rocks and orange-like ground contrast perfectly with the perfect green bushes in the background that also goes nicely with the bright blue sky above. The off-white newspapers that Hanks reads brighten up the screen as well and no color is lost during the many nighttime and lower lit sequences that always allow that angelic-like amber glow of the lanterns. Black levels are impeccably deep and inky with zero evidence of murky crush and the skin tones are always natural.
The detail is extremely sharp and vivid here, giving way to pitch-perfect close-ups that showcase each individual hair follicle, a speck of dirt, aging lines, makeup effects, and wrinkles on the actor’s faces. When Hanks smiles, every facial line and hair can be easily seen moving up and down, which is absolutely remarkable, even in the darker scenes. Additionally, the period clothing of western-wear is exquisite where each stitch and texture looks amazing in all kinds of lighting. Background objects such as the desert-like landscape reveal its animalistic detail in each sequence and even props like guns and the newspaper shine with their glimmer and texture. The 1080p Blu-ray version looks amazing, but this 4K upgrade is crisper, bolder, and is quite demo-worthy on a more subtle scale with zero video issues.
Sound effects are rich and boisterous on all levels here, creating a fantastic immersion in each setting. When outside in the middle of the wild west, the smallest nuanced sounds of shrubs rustling in light wind, insects singing and flying around, outdoor fire crackling, and footsteps on the many textures underneath all sound flawless. Even when these sound elements happen, there is a clear and smooth transition from one speaker to the next that places the viewer in the center of the action. Bigger sound effects, such as thunderclaps and the shootout are both loud and provide a remarkable low end of bass that has a wonderful rumble to it without getting rocky and overly chaotic.
The height speakers give way to birds flying overhead, a gun blast or two, and the intense rains that or down for a lot of the film. In these rainy sequences, the squeaks of the carriages and footsteps in the water are well-balanced and robust, providing different audio elements in sub-optimal weather conditions. The music score by James Newton Howard is one of the best scores in years and always adds that necessary dramatic element to key scenes, which flows smoothly through the speakers. Dialogue is always clean and clear and free of any audio problems.
News Of The World is a wonderful little film and a fantastic addition to the western genre and might be perhaps Tom Hanks’ best role in years. It’s light-hearted, while at the same time extremely thrilling and poignant about people evolving and journalism. The 4K video presentation and the Dolby Atmos audio track are demo-worthy without being a big-budget action vehicle, and the bonus features, while short, are informative. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED!
Founded in April 2006, High-Def Digest is the ultimate guide for High-Def enthusiasts who demand only the best that money can buy. Updated daily and in real-time, we track all high-def disc news and release dates, and review the latest disc titles.
World War Z makes its 4K UHD Blu-Ray debut with the Theatrical Cut in a terrific 2160p Dolby Vision transfer from a new 4K master. It would have been nice to have the Unrated Cut as an option via seamless branching or even as the only 4K UHD option, as this will be a major dealbreaker for many. Fans can watch the Unrated Cut on the included Blu-Ray, but there are some drawbacks to it on the audio side that you can read about below. With that said, the new 4K UHD allows the film to look the best it ever has on home entertainment. The original Paramount Blu-Ray was released ten years ago which looked pretty great, but this new disc offers some small improvements across the board.
This new release gets the most out of the 2K Digital Intermediate which was created from a Super 35 source which showcases a lot of pleasing texture and background detail. You can more easily distinguish specific details within the makeup, environments and production design that were at times less forefront in previous releases. The various settings around the globe are also given much more depth which makes for a more compelling exploration. The improvements in contrast and overall clarity are one of the standout aspects of the disc, especially when exploring shadowy environments that have previously swallowed up detail.
For what we are given, this disc deftly brings the pulse-pounding thrills to life with a depth and clarity of sound worthy of the mix. As the characters travel from place to place, the sounds of each environment flow out of your side and rear speakers for a fully immersive experience. The track engages all of the channels with sound effects and ambient noise that expand the soundscape. Kinetic sequences are plentiful with a dynamic sound design that springs to life without fail. The activity in the low-end is substantial and rarely lacks for strength. Dialogue comes through clearly in the center channel without getting overshadowed by the music or any sound effects. The score from Marco Beltrami utilized in the film comes through with a pleasing fidelity. Scream Factory has not been able to supply fans with the ideal audio presentation, but this one does get the job done well enough. There are optional English SDH subtitles provided on this disc.
World War Z has a glossy veneer which pulls you into the nearly nonstop action of the narrative, but it all feels a bit hollow pretty quickly. With each stop around the globe, it does not feel like the characters are making substantial progress in their understanding of the zombie threat, and the main character played by Brad Pitt has one too many close calls to be believable. It does not help that so much of the threat is inconsistent CGI swirls instead of worthy, old-school makeup effects. There are some really fun sequences, but there is not enough holding this film together to feel substantial. Scream Factory has released a 4K UHD Blu-Ray featuring a great video presentation and a less-than-fully-realized audio presentation. The disc offers a fine array of legacy special features and hard-to-find features, but the lack of the preferred Unrated Cut in 4K UHD makes it a bit of a wash. There are some benefits to this new collection, but there may not be enough for casual fans to upgrade. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MnotwXtus0eMprPHBlp4LFXJuY1JxLf2/view
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Как выбрать идеальный iPhone в Ульяновске?
Каждый год компания Apple радует поклонников новыми моделями смартфонов, и жители Ульяновска также имеют возможность приобрести новинку раньше остальных городов региона. Если вам нужен надежный смартфон, поддерживающий современные технологии, обратите внимание на две новые модели iPhone.
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Приобрести новый гаджет легко благодаря большому количеству официальных магазинов и партнеров Apple в городе. Для тех, кто предпочитает личное присутствие и консультацию специалиста перед покупкой, рекомендуем посетить фирменные магазины Apple Partner Store. Здесь опытные консультанты помогут подобрать подходящий именно вам телефон, учитывая ваши предпочтения и бюджет.
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Официальные партнеры предлагают лучшие условия покупки: оригинальные устройства, гарантия производителя и квалифицированная помощь в настройке нового телефона. Среди популярных мест для приобретения iPhone в Ульяновске выделяются крупные торговые сети электроники и специализированные салоны связи.
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Новый iPhone 16 стал настоящим прорывом среди устройств Apple благодаря своей производительности и инновационным технологиям. Его преемник, iPhone 17, обещает удивить ещё больше продвинутым дизайном и улучшенными характеристиками камеры и аккумулятора.
Почему стоит выбирать iPhone 16 и iPhone 17?
Эти смартфоны отличаются впечатляющими возможностями съемки, великолепным качеством дисплея и продолжительным временем автономной работы. Помимо потрясающих характеристик, оба устройства оснащены системой распознавания лица Face ID и поддержкой беспроводной зарядки, что обеспечивает комфорт и удобство ежедневного использования.
Покупатели, выбирающие устройство в магазине, получают доступ к новым приложениям и сервисам экосистемы Apple, включая облачное хранилище iCloud, сервисы потокового вещания музыки и фильмов, а также инструменты для здоровья и фитнеса.
Таким образом, покупка нового iPhone в Ульяновске становится отличным выбором для тех, кто ценит надежность, качество и современный дизайн смартфона. Обладая новейшими технологиями и широким функционалом, этот аппарат станет незаменимым помощником в повседневной жизни и профессиональной деятельности.
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