Pozos, the Ghost Town
(The Cristero War That Killed It!)
The Mighty Sierra Gorda Mountains
by William J. Conaway, Copyright, 1997 Photographs by William Maher
The great Africa empire builder, Cecil Rhodes once said:
México will one day furnish the gold, silver, and copper of the world; from her hidden vaults, her subterranean treasure houses will come the riches that will build the empires of tomorrow.
And according to noted Geologist, William D. Pancznen in “Minerals of Mexico”, 1989:
The belt of active volcanism in South Central México is the province of Sierra de los Volcanes. The area has good potential for future production of mineral specimens if more field exploration is conducted.
………..
Part 1
POZOS, THE
GHOST TOWN
In the northeast quadrant of the State of Guanajuato in the Sierra Gorda mountains you will find the lost, ignored, nearly abandoned city of San Pedro de los Pozos. Today Mineral de Pozos forms a part of the municipal area of San Luis de la Paz, Guanajuato.
TO GET THERE FROM SAN MIGUEL DE ALLENDE
To get to Mineral de Pozos from San Miguel de Allende:
Take the Querétaro exit, Salida de Querétaro and Just after you pass the towers of the regional prison turn left. This highway will take you through the town of Los Rodriguez toward the ton of Dr. Mora. About 35 kilometers/22 miles later you will come to the main highway (57). Turn left towards San Luis Potosi and head north approximately 18 kilometers/ 11 miles. (There’s a shorter way, but it’s not as spectacular, and you will exit that way.)
Before you come to the turn off for San Luis de la Paz you will pass a small dirt road (you probably won’t see it’s too
late, but no matter make a U-turn at the gas station that’s just ahead on the right). When you turn off Highway 57 at the point indicated for Pozos (on this side of the road there’s a sign!) you will be on a fairly good dirt road (10 kilometers) through beautiful cactus country going up and up into the beginnings of the Sierra Gorda. Persevere it’s worth it!
Ruins of the Cinco Señores Mine
(A large part of the Cinco Señores mine [off to your left] is now fenced off and posted. If you want to see this area go to the hotel “Casa Mexicana” on the Main square in town to arrange a tour. Better yet make reservations [468] 8-2598, 8-3030, Ext. 116 ask for Juan Jose), and stay the weekend in a beautifully restored 18th century mansion!)
The chapel on top of the high hill is the Capilla de la Santa Cruz, built in 1922 (more than 300 years newer than the ruins!). It’s the site of celebration every year on May 3rd (Día de la Santa Cruz).
A word or two of caution: some of those mine shafts go WAY DOWN… And I have seen a rattlesnake up there, so you might take a little care where you step, and where you put your hands — not any great cause for concern—just exercise a little prudence. O.K.? I’ve scrambled all over the place and had a good time doing it.
Ruins of the ore processing area
There it sits for your appreciation, perhaps contemplation. I have found some very nice souvenirs (no picture postcards here) among the mine tailings—rocks with either oxidized silver or, occasionally, a fleek of fools gold in them.
The large building lined with holes along the roof line is the remains of the first electrical power plant installed in the early 1900’s
La Boca Mina – Mouth of a Mine
FACILITIES Abundant Nature!
PRIVACY: Well, I could tell you a. story or two, but all I’ll say is if you can’t find a quiet spot here — you’re not looking!
Ruins of a Long-Forgotten Chapel
Scattered all about you are the remains of 18th and 1911i century mines and their outbuildings. The short-rounded pillars are linderos, boundary lines.
The road will load you into town where there’s lots more to see!
Nothing impresses the mind with a deeper feeling of loneliness than to tread the silent and deserted scene of former throng and Pageant, wrote Washington Irving.
This forlorn ghost town is all that remains of a glorious past. Its ghosts walk these streets in the darkness of the night with impunity. The modem day residents of the city are used to them and know better than to venture outdoors in the dark.
The architecture of the city itself represents various epochs. According to the rise and fall of the mining industry. Today the mines are idle. Only a few families eke out an existence digging out their own ore, pulverizing it and extracting what precious metals their poor holdings contain.
This arid city at an elevation of 7,500 feet has a most agreeable climate, and a tranquil atmosphere. It’s an inviting place to rest, meditate, write, paint, or to photograph.
THE HISTORY
This semi-arid region was homo to many . nomadic tribes: Huachichiles, Guamares, Copuces, Guaxabanes, Jonaces, and the Pames. The narre Chichimeca means barbarian in Nahuatl (language of the Aztecs). It was applied to all of these tribes and more. The other major tribe in Ibis area were the Otomis. These last ~re, farmers, traders, and not nomadic.
Querétaro was conquered by Otomi Chieftains, who liad adopted Spanish names and the Spanish religion and who were rewarded with Spanish titles.
In 1528 (a year before the area of Guanajuato was explored) this arca of eastern Guanajuato was scouted by the conquistadores Nicolás de San Luis Montañez and Fernando de Tapia. In 1542,. Fray Juan de San Miguel with Indian guides (Catecumenes, Otomis, and Tarascos) settled the town of San Miguel el Viejo.
The purpose of this settlement was to dominate and convcrt the native population to Christianity. They weren’t having much success when in 1554 an attack by the Capuces decimated its population.
The following year the Spaniards brought in Teochichimecas to found the settlement of San Miguel el Grande as a frontier outpost to guard against the barbarian Indians. It was considered a strategic spot, for the placement of troops. This mission was assigned to Angel de Villafaña by Viceroy Luis de Velasco around 1555.
These strategic bases served to study the customs of these “barbarians” as well as their fighting. strategies in order to dominate and convert them.
THE CHICHIMECA WAR
During the reign of Viceroy Don Martín Enríquez de Almanza fori s, presidios, were erected along the Royal Road, Camino Real. This road stretched from Veracruz through México City, San Miguel, Guanajuato to Zacatecas.
Gold and silver were transported south to the mint in Mexico City, and the crown’s share (taxes) were sent to the coast for eventual shipment to Spain. And goods from allover the world were shipped north to the wealthy mine and hacienda owners. And so it was that in the year 1576 the first fort was built in this northeast comer of the state. This fort was named Palmar de Vega, and its ruins can be found in the area of Santa Brígida (just out of town to the south).
This fort failed to pacify the tribes, and it wasn’t until the 8th Viceroy, Don Luis de Velasco and his son the Marquéz de Salinas, commissioned the Jesuit missionary Gonzalo de Tapia to the task that there was any success. This missionary learned the language and the customs of the local tribes very rapidly, and was able in 1589 to persuade them to settle in town, and negotiated terms for peace. This same missionary’s activities extended to Dolores (Hidalgo) and Xichú.
A year later a peace pact was signed with the Indian chieftains and Don Diego de Tapia, Capitán General de Chichimecas in San Luis de la Paz (named so because of the treaty), Nación Chichimeca, Capital del territorio Nacional de Sierra Gorda de Guanajuato putting an end to the (at that time) most prolonged confrontation of the Conquest (40 years).
It was during this time, with the aid of the pacified Indians no doubt, the first mine was begun, Mineral de Pozos del Palmar. It was the property of this Capitán General de Chichimecas, Don Diego de Tapia.
Although the prehispanic cultures had been mining precious metals for some time the Spaniards taught them Euro-pean methods of ore extraction.
In these days they used alloys of 2 or more metals to obtain fusion at a lower temperature. Gold and copper, silver and copper, lead and copper, etc. Some vestige remains of the ovens used in smelting the ores “Hornos Jesuitas” built in 1595. This method proved to be impractical because of the lack of wood to fire the ovens.
(During this epoch they mined the Santa Brígida, Mina Grande, San Juan Reforma, and the Ocampo for silver and gold.)
THE MINING BEGINS
Most of us have no idea how gold and silver end up where they’re found, but the following paragraph from “México Adventures!”, by your’s truly might help:
Gold, silver, platinum, and other precious metals were introduced into the earth’s crust by the action of magma which forced its way upward from the much hotter and Huid strata below. The heat of the magma tended to separate and concentrate the various elements. By thrusting upwards, the magma created cracks (fissures, they’re called) in the overlying sedimentary rock. As all of this material was lifted the pressure was reduced (somewhat like taking the lid off of a pressure cooker), and streams of super hot gasses and water carried various minerals into the fissures the magma had created. As these intrusions or veins (oftentimes containing gold and silver along with the rock) cool they solidify. Deep mining operations follow these veins back down into the earth.
Finding the biggest concentrations of minerals on the west side of the fort they began to build homes near small springs that appeared on a downhill arroyo (the site of the city).
So the people of Pozos frankly lived in abundance while lavishly spending large fortunes. They were intimately acquainted with other gold squanderers, with gamblers, with irreligious livers, and criminals to such an extent that all these things seemed to be but the natural and ordinary way of life. They squandered great amounts of money in centers of vice and pleasure, and provoked great neighborhood scandals, by squandering gold and more gold during the gambling season, which really lasted all the year long.
One of the most successful, Pedro Romero de Terreros, Count of Regla was a legendary figure:
By 1774 he had drawn more than $5.2 million dollars (present day) from the Vizcaína mine (Real del Monte, Pachuca). He presented King Charles III of Spain with 2 warships. He lent $1 million to the Court of Madrid which was never repaid. Purchased immense estates, and was saíd to have left his children a fortune equaled in México only by the Count of Valenciana.
In the parochial church (built in 1735) a book was found; “Libro de Indios, mulatos, Negros” (these last classifications were given because of the intermingling between Spaniards and Indians, Criollos and Indians, Mestizos and Indians y Negro slaves (approximately 250,000 African slaves were brought in to work the mines of México) dated 1602.
The converts usted were exorcised, given instruction, baptized, and given a Christian name as well as a last name designating their cast. The book was signed by a missionary Dionisio Razo Montemayor.
Not all the so called Chichimecas surrendered their way of life or their pagan faith. Many of them merely moved farther into the hills and deserts. They’re there today!
Over the years Pozos has had various narres. From Palmar de Vega, San Pedro was added in 1658 (for the patron saint imposed upon the various ethnic groups brought in to work in the mines). Later the Palmar de Vega was dropped and the word Pozos added (this identifies the shafts of the mines) San Pedro de los Pozos to which was sometimes added Real (Royal) to signify a fortified place guarded by Dragones de la Reina (Spanish Cavalry). A large percentage of the profits of the mines was passed on to the crown in the forro of taxes to pay for this protection.
The surrounding countrysidewas farmed to provide food and the enormous amounts of fodder for the horses and mules needed to work the mines. Workers, shoring, and tools had to be lowered by means of horse/ mule drawn elevators, malacates, and the miners, water, and ore had to be brought up. Work went on 24 hours a day, 7 days a week probably only stopping–forfiestas. Draft animals were used to pulverize the rock, and mixing in the chemicals to separate the elements.
Some of these ejidos were huge extending 5,572 meters (1 league) on each of its 4 sides. Huge wood lots existed to supply firewood and shoring for the mines and the population. (In those days the nearby hills were covered with trees.)
LIFE IN THE STREETS AND PLAZAS OF COLONIAL MEXICO
During the 16th and 17th centuries little was known about the spread of disease and the need for sanitation. The streets were open sewers fall of garbage, discarded clothes, dead dogs and cats, broken crockery, and any other disgusting thing that carne to hand. All thrown down from the windows of the houses on either side.
The plazas were open air markets full of pig stys, chicken coops, sheep and goat pens, and cows waiting to be milked. There were slaughter houses with no regard paid to the rotting blood spilled on the paving stones. The overwhelming numbers of stray dogs, living off the refuse, were surpassed only by the amount of fijes swarming over everything.
It wasn’t until the 18th century that they began to illuminate the streets and plazas at night. When forced to leave their homes at night the nobles were preceded by their Negro slaves carrying fiaming torches. Many a poorer resident, coming home in the dark, found himself drenched with unspeakable filthiness thrown out of an upper story window on his way home. (México City had no public illumination until 1970!)
Everywhere balconies jutted out over the streets below. Balconies full of drying laundry; their rotting wooden windows and broken panes of glass occasionally falling on the heads of passersby.
Display counters were shoved right to the front doors of the houses forcing people to stand in the street to buy, obstructing passage to the milling throngs of people on market day. These throngs were also forced to dodge and duck hanging merchandise and signs to avoid banging their heads.
Not only were the poorly paved streets full of buyers and strolling vendors; but also of horses, mules, and donkeys grazing on the sidewalks or in the middle of the street leaving steaming piles of manure in the path of unwary promenaders.
The poor in rags brought down not only by the miserable salaries but by their vices (alcohol and gambling the most predominate). Giving rise to thievery and thugs which supplied the jails with prisoners and cemeteries with corpses. The prisoners were paraded through the streets on their way to the gallows or prison being publicly whipped for their offenses. Sent to their fate by the Sala del Crimen, el Tribunal de la Acordada, or by the Santa Inquisición.
Also in evidence on these same streets were the severe clerics in elegant robes or black capes. Franciscan friars, Dominicans, Carmelite nuns, etc. in their impressive habits. The nobles promenaded in ostentatious clothes on foot, in sedan chair, on horseback or in carriage, and with their Negro slaves, men and woman, uniformed and in colorful silks.
Processions of sisterly orders, altar societies, and other groups paraded on their way to convents, monasteries, or churches carrying their colorful, silken standards or embroidered icons of saintly figures. These processions were the most popular forms of entertainment, and as such were magnificent. Or the processions of penitents bare to the waist whipping themselves bloody.
The town criers would pose on horseback, announced by trumpets they would read aloud the edicts of the Viceroys or Alcaldes for all to hear and take note of. Or the barkers in fancy dress would announce the coming of the cockfights, bullfights, circus, tumblers, etc. And sometimes perhaps a clown would parade telling jokes or reciting verses for coins.
There were an abundance of beggars. The (Except for the extreme examples of poor blind and the lame dragging themselves sanitation and public whipping much along showing their disgusting limbs and remains the same!)
EXTRACTING RICHES FROM THE ORE
A process for extracting precious metals from the ore known as the Patio method was invented by Bartolomé Medina in the Real del Monte mine in Pachuca, México, 1555, and was used all over the world. It was used to great advantage all over México because fuel for firing the huge smelters, that were otherwise necessary, was in short supply in most mining districts in México.
Patio Method:
In the early years after the discovery of the patio method the Ore was ground up first using sledge hammers and then hammers breaking the rocks into pieces small enough to pass through a one-inch hole in a rough cowhide screen (this was even done by women and children). (The especially high grade ore was reserved for smelting.) Then it was ground further with mules trodding over it.
In later years the ore was pulverized in grinding apparatuses called arrastres. These were circular troughs 8-10 feet in diameter, 3 feet deep lined with the hardest rock available. Large wooden booms were suspended from a pole sunk in the center with heavy stones hung from them. These booms were drug by mule power around in a circular motion. After about 24 hours water was added to the resulting powder making it into a slush.
It was then scattered into large stone floored patios where common salt, vegetable ashes, and pire bark or manure was added. This mixture was further ground up for a certain period of time depending on its “heat”, and then depending on the nature of the mixture lime or copper pyrites magistral were added. (“If the action of the salt on the slime seemed to generate too much “heat”, the lime “cooled” it; if, on the other hand, the mixture was too “cool”,the copper pyrites “heated” it.
After several days of more “mixing”, and the “torta” was perfect, mercury was added. The amount of mercury depended on the quality of the ore. The “torta” was thoroughly mixed by horses, mules or by barefoot workmen trampling the metallic mud to allow the mercury to combine with the silver.
This mixture (process which took from 5 weeks to 3 months, depending on the purity of the metal, to complete) was then washed with water separating the amalgam from the earthy parts. It was then distilled to remove the mercury and then the silver was poured into ingots.
Improvements of the system were gradually made, one of which was the use of huge wooden barrels filled with water to grind the “slush” after mercury was added to save the lives of the animals, and to speed up the mining process. (Previously the animals would be slowly poisoned to death by the absorption of the mercury.)
Investment capital was always a problem. Two kinds of investors, aviadores, were popular. The first kind became a partner in the mine and took a risk that it would produce. The other kind was a limited partnership that was paid off in silver, bonanza or no.
Labor shortages were also a big problem. The Indians were needed on the livestock ranches and the farms too. Part of the problem was solved by bringing in slaves, and the rest were paid by the partido system (part of their pay consisted of unrefined but sorted ore, a more lucrative system for the miners).
(Serious problems were encountered in later years when the mine operators
The other major problem of Mexican colonial mining was the extraction of excess water from the mine shafts. In the early years it was raised in buckets fashioned from uncured cow/horse hile by a rope attached to a windlass hoists, malacates, driven by horse/mule power. They were unable to mine below 130 yards because they couldn’t keep ahead of the water. (At orle point they used a gallop method whereby a.team of horse would be made to gallop around and around nonstop for an hour or so, and then they would change teams. This would go on 24 hours a day every day so you can imagine the numbers of animals they needed to have.)
Horizontal shafts, adits, were dug, complete with vertical ventilation shafts, deep into the bases of the mountains containing the mines at enormous expense to drain the water from the veins of gold and silver. Owners of all the effected mines were asked to pay the costs. (It was normal for competing mines to work the same vein.) Some were unable to and were forced out. The Spanish crown’s mining concessions were good only as long as the mine was continuously worked!)
THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE
When the War for Independence began work stopped in the mines. The farm workers and the miners went off to fight for freedom. Mercury and the other chemicals used in the separation process became scarce (the Spanish Colonial government had provided mercury to Mexican miners ata subsidized price), and the investment capital, previously supplied by wealthy Spaniards, dried up. The mine owners were Royalist. The workers were the insurgents.
After the War (1821) fine new Republic was in a shambles. The populace had been decimated by the War. Labor, which always had been a big problem, became impossible. “The war had hurt the region terribly. Tire population of the city, nearby ranches, and haciendas was listed at only 8,000 inhabitants.” The mine owners, those that remained, were economically unable to reopen their mines. “All was in ruins!”
In 1825 British investors were approached to come join the new Republic and for a limited concession rebuild the mining industry. Practical industry light scores of companies were formed in London and the British investors came to the rescue.
They brought “modem” mining methods with them in the form of steam engines. These were used to power pneumatic drills and pump out the water that was a constant problem for the miners. They also brought in British labor. These Scots, Irish, and Welshmen kept mostly to themselves, ran the expensive machines, and treated the Mexican laborers with contempt.
Their investment, however, never paid off due, some said, to poor management or labor problems, but México came out very well prepared to continue on their own with the new infrastructure in place.
In 1880 the town was renamed Ayuntamiento Popular del Mineral de Pozos. Its limits were: to the north San Luis de la Paz, to the south San José Iturbide, to the west San Miguel de Allende. (And to the east the Gulf of México?).
THE GOLDEN AGE
The “golden age” of Pozos was the second half of the 18th century through 1910. The population reached 70,000 people. The riches from the mines supplied the owners and shareholders with fabulous profits, making them some of the richest people in the world at the time. (This explains the great architectural achievements of this era.) “They built some luxurious churches in gratitude to the generosity of Divine Providence.”
At the end of the 18th century beginning of the 19th important discoveries of Mercury were found in the State: San Juan de la Chica, Rincón de Centeno, Durazno, and Real de Pozos, Marchena, El Compás, Insurgentes, h74 Samaritana, Magdalena, and Morelos.
The mining company Cinco Señores was organized in 1888 and included the mines: La Joya, Justicia, Nayalito, Santa Lucía, and Guadalupana (5 mines) with 33 shareholders. It began paying enormous dividends in 1890 (the first real bonanza in Mineral de Pozos since 1765 at the Santa Brígida).
A third company was formed, Angustias Dolores, y Anexas, which included the mines: El Pilar, Dolores, El Triangulo, El Fénix, and San Francisco and…La sociedad Minera de Pozos operated the mines: Progreso, Porvenir, Tesoro, Previsora, Esperanza, Reforma, Cuña, Sovacón and Dios Nos Guíe. San Rafael mining operated: The San Rafael, Juárez, El Compás, Virginia, Carabelas, Magdelena, Insurgentes, Samaritana, Hidalgo and Morelos. Compañia Nacional Minera: San Augustín, San Silverio, Mariquita Josephina, Cadena, Sitiadora, El Danubio, Melladito, Santa Isabel, La Escuadra, and Fundidora. La Compañia Queretana: Potosina, Animas and Perdón.
Also operating during those years independently were some 126 other mines which were operated in the old manner (horse/mule power). This was an incredible number of mines and miners, and didn’t include the gold panning of the surrounding hills and streams. (A system of dry panning was used in the dry desert gullles.)
A narrow gauge railway operated between Las Mesas de Jesús, El Bozo, and Pozos supplying the mine with wood, sulfate, pyrites, copper carbonate, and mercury.
Profits were extremely high and the number of claims increased to more than 500 at the Agencia de Fomento de San Luis de la Paz. Some 50 employee held companies were formed some of which operated with foreign investors: American Smelting, Cuba Libre, etc.
As the mines prospered so did the city. New businesses flooded in among which were: the Fábrica de Francia, Fábricas of Paris, La Fama, El Vesubio, and theaters were built. Saloons, house of pleasure, and gambling also boomed…
With business expansion carne immigrants from France, Spain, Italy; Germany, Portugal, Asia, England, and the United States as well as workers from: Guanajuato, Zacatecas, Estado de México, Hidalgo, etc.
Ciudad Porfirio Diaz
The City was renamed on May 7, 1897 by decree from the then governor of fue State, Lic. Joaquin Obregón González. Porfirio Diaz was the President of the Republic, and with foreign investment and work ethics cau sed a boom in industry bringing México rudely into the 20th century.
From May, 1893 to June of 1907 the city government built. model schools (Escuelas Modelo), the city hall (Palacio Municipal) complete with dock, public water hydrants, the market (Plaza Zaragoza), the jail, cobblestoned the streets, brought in telephone service, and other civic improvements. (The popular name remained Mineral de Pozos, of course.)
In July of 1905 the city of Guanajuato suffered a flood. All the cities of the State were ordered (another decree) to cough up 50% of their treasuries to aid in their sister cities rebuilding. One of the largest contributors was Ciudad Porfirio Diaz.
During this time (1900) the railroad (Ferrocariles Nacionales de México) connected Ciudad Porfirio Diaz with Estación La Petaca-Rincón (Rio Laja). Soon after that a steam powered electric generator began operating supplying the region with electricity. (The first mine electric plant was u sed in the Santa Ana mine in nea rby San Luis Potosi.) The mines benefited greatly with electric elevators, ventilators, and pumps all of which benefited the population immensely, the introduction of the Cyanide Method, invented in México in 1893, and even more precious metals were extracted from the ore. Ancient tailings were resubmitted to this method extracting more precious metal than could ever llave been imagined in years past! México’s maximum mining activities peaked in the years 1909-1910.
(The other churches, nearly all in complete ruin, are: El Templo del Señor de la Misericordia (oldest and most completely destroyed] ; the Templo de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, to the south of town in barrio, de la Vizcaina; La Santa Casa and the El Santuario de El Señor de los Trabajos, to the east; and in the west Templo de Nuestra Señora del Refugio, and so you can imagine how the economy boomed. Business flourished (especially the saloons, gambling houses, and other dens ofiniquity). On the one hundred year anniversary of the Cry of Independence (September 15, 1910) the President of the Republic, Porfirio Diáz, called for an entire year of celebrations! (His last hurrah.)
THE REVOLUTION
Du ring the Revolution 1910-1917 work ceased in the mines due to the instability of the economy, lack of capital, cessation of imported equipinent (spare parts), etc.
Mineral Pozos itself was not involved in the fighting, but its men were conscripted to fight on either side and parties of bandits roamed the countryside.
Work on the miners Sanctuary (Santuario de El Señor de los Trabajos) ceased. Even when the conflict ended there was little money in circulation for the necessary investment capital to reopen the mines. They had to be rehabilitated and millions of gallons of water that had accumulated in them had to be pumped out. The town reclaimed its name of Mineral de Pozos, but the population had shrunk dramatically.
Limited activity began again in 1920 and through the efforts of the remaining popu – lation the Chapel of the Santa Cruz was completad in 1922. (The lonely little church on the top of the bare hill aboye the ancient mines.)
Clandestine church services were held in peoples homes, and at same time the state and city government was loyal to the federal government.
The political support of the population of Pozos and of the entire area went to another Pozos man, General Celestino Gasca who declared himself dissident Governor of the State. He established a government in exile in nearby San Diego de la Unión (about 50 miles northwest of Pozos towards San Luis Potosi).
A battle occurred here near Cerro del Aguila (near the abandoned mines). A troop of federal cavalry trying to trap the rebels was slaughtered by local Cristeros. (One resident remembers the people butchering the fallen horses for food!)
Probably because of this battle, in 1928, a priest, Enrique Conteras Ruiz was executed by federal troops because he refused to give them information about the whereabouts of the rebels.
A riot ensued and the Presidential Palace was burned. All the important records were lost in the blaze, birth, wedding, death, property deeds, etc. The population of Pozos was considered to be trouble makers and dissidents (crickets or grillos in the local vernacular) and revenge was swift.
After pitched battles being fought all over the state during the 3 years of revolt with thousands of lives lost, and hundreds of thousands of lives disrupted the Governor and the 32nd Legislature of the State of Guanajuato on October 10, 1928 declared the cities of Pozos and La Luz insolvent. Their territory would be annexed to San Luis de la Paz and Guanajuato respectively which effectively took away their political influence, privileges, and lessened their importance.
And San Jose Iturbide was renamed Ciudad Alvaro Obregón (despised enemy of the Cristeros) on January 1, 1929. (Also on Pozos’ doorstep is the town of Dr. Mora named for the father of Mexican Liberalism also a despised enemy of the conservative Cristeros.
These measures, by popular belief, were designed to punish the people for their support of the Cristeros.
(The failure of the rebellion caused the persecution of many of the participants in the rebellion as well as its supporters.)
Today the population of Pozos has returned to 4,000 people. You’d never know it as you wander around the town because most of them work elsewhere.
MORE CATASTROPHES
The Great Depression caused the price of precious metals to fall and caused worldwide economical chaos. Pozos was no exception. The mine owners found no interest in reviving the mining industry until much later.
In 1934 with the rise in the price of gold and silver the Compañia Mineral El Carmen S.A. began working, and a workers union, el Sindicato Industrial de Trabajadores Metalúrgicos y Similares de la Republica Mexican, Sección #35 was formed. The company, along with some independents, went broke in only 1 year through pressure from the union to form La Cooperativa de Mineros Metalúrgicos de la sección #35.
The miners thought that in this manner they would preserve their jobs and guarantee prosperity for the city, but the lack of credit and equipment made it impossible. It seems that even though they had discovered new veins of precious metal at 250 meters deep the water had flooded them out. (The amount of water in the mines was impossible to remove by any means then and now!) This was the end of commercial mining in Mineral de Pozos (1940). Some mining goes on today in clandestine operations by locals. They eke out an existence working unregistered claims.
Gold and silver along with all those other minerals remains underground here in Pozos, waiting for the next Boom Time! Perhaps nuclear pumps?
The miners and other workers moved away to find work in other cities, and the businesses closed their doors. Everyone dismantled and carried away anything of value leaving the once magnificent city alone and abandoned. The population shrank to only 300!
The town was described by an anonymous chronicler:
It has the air of a village sacked by Cossacks, or of something yet more desolate. The tempus edax of the poets has here used his scythe with inexorable cruelty. The roofs are perforated and falling in, the walls crumbling down, and, in short, the whole village con-verted into a mass of ruins…. The cause of this decay is obvious enough. This district has no resources when the mines are not worked, which has been the case at Mineral de Pozos for a very long time.
MUCH LATER
1963 – the highway from San Luis de la Paz was paved.
1965 – telephone lines were brought back into the town.
1967 – (Pop. 1,000) a new drinking water network was installed.
1970 – a knitting mili was brought in by the Federal government.
1971 – all National mining reserves of the entire area were incorporated under the Secretario de Patrimonio Nacional.
1976 – a primary school was built.
1976 – the highway to San Jose Iturbide was paved.
1980 – the Escuela Telesecundaria was built.
1981 – population was included in the Unidad Médico Rural #3.
1982 – the Sala de Cultura and the Jardín de Niños was built.
Many films and soap operas have been filmed here throughout the years. Some of those are: “Pedro Paramo”, “Furia Bajo el Cielo”, “Las Cenizas de un Diputado”, and “La Cándida Eréndira”.
(occurs around the middle of May), the former citizens or their descendants come from all over to enjoy along with the permanent residents the celebration of the Patron Saint of the Miners, El Señor de los Trabajos. This is an all-out 4 day celebration.
On July 27, 1982 the President of the Republic, José López Portillo, declared the city of Mineral de Pozos a Zone of Historic Monuments to conserve its venerable characteristics. The population today (1996) is 4,000 souls.
As you finish up your time in Mineral de Pozos contemplate what Longfellow wrote in 1839:
Look not mournfully into the Past. It comes not back again. Wisely improve the Present. It is thine. Go forth to meet the shadowy Future, without fear, and with a manly heart.
THE 19TH & 2Oth CENTURY MINING HISTORY OF GUANAJUATO IN BRIEF
During the War for Independence the mines were shut down (21 years). They had no access to mercury; the key chemical, in those days, for extracting silver and gold from the crushed rock. And most of the men left to fight for Independence. The population shrank from a high (1765) of 70,000 to only 6,000 people. Most of its businesses were burned by the Royalists and times were very lean “all was desolation” until the famous historian and México’s Minister of foreign and domestic affairs, Lucas Alamán, encouraged British investment (he became a board member of Unida de Minas), Guanajuato, Compañia Mexicana, Real del Monte, and Compañia Tlalpujahua. (Compañia Guanajuato failed almost immediately.)
The marriage of British investors with Mexican owners and miners was a tumultuous one, but after 20 years of total domination by the British they had rehabilitated all of the major mines, they had introduced steam engines for water extraction, the elevators and all mechanical tasks, and had explored for and found other deposits. They didn’t, however, find any bonanzas. They returned the mines to the owners in excellent condition prepared for modem mining in every respect. But they lost more than $5,000,000 dollars doing it.
The only British company to survive past mid-century was the Unida de Minas, and by then it had been so reorganized that it could hardly be considered the same company.
(The Compañia Anglo-Mexicana took, on contract, the Casa de Moneda (mint) in Guanajuato from 1824 until 1864.) The miners had to be paid in silver coins. The ingots of silver had to be shipped to Guanajuato or México City to the mints, and the coins were shipped back to the mines to pay the workers.
It was left to their successors to profit by the innovations made by the bankrupt British adventurers.
And profit they did. At Mineral de Pozos the mines were operating at a profit, and the bonanza discovered at the Cinco Señores mine in 1888 completed the recovery.
But by the end of the 19th century the mines were once again being neglected.
In 1904 innumerable American companies were formed to finance the modernization of the Guanajuato mining industry. The most important were: The Guanajuato Reduction and Mines Co., The Guanajuato Consolidated Mining and Milling Co., Peregrina Mining and Milling Co., The Guanajuato Development C o . , The Pengüico Mines Co., The Republic Mines Co., The Cubo Mining and Milling Co., and more.
These companies brought in all of the newest mining advances and technologies: Electric light, electric locomotives, elevated tram cars run by electricity, a newer method (the flotation method) for the extraction of precious metals from the ground up ore, and many more innovations.
They reprocessed the ancient tailings from the mines and extracted huge amounts of gold and silver from them. They increased exploration and found new deposits of ore that heretofore were deemed to be unprofitable. No data is available on the amount of profit made by these companies, and there was, once again, a lot of friction between the Americans and the owners and miners unions.
During the Revolution (1910) and the war of the Cristeros (a regional war fought against the church and its clerics) the mines were shut down again. They filled with water and in the midst of the worldwide Great Depression the owners couldn’t finance the reopening/refurbishing themselves. And the population dropped again.
When the price for precious metals rose in 1932 they granted mining concessions,
(In 1982 the State of Guanajuato produced 178 metric tons of Silver and 1,573 Kilos of gold.)
MINERALS MINED AT MINERAL DE POZOS AND SURROUNDING AREA
Azurite – Bismuthinite – Bismutite – Bornite Bromargyrite Calcite – Cerusite Chalcocite – Chalcopyrite – Chloraluminite Chrysocolla – Cinnabar – Copper Couellite Descloizite – Dolomite – Galena – Goethite Gold – Hematite – Iodargyrite – Litarge Malachite Massicot – Mercury – Opal Pargasite – Polybasite – Pyrite – Pyrolusite Silver – Sphalerite – Zircon.
This information is also available in: Español (Spanish)
Customer
Перечисленные виды ворот можно разделить на подгруппы: автоматические или стандартные https://mosvrata.ru/catalog/aksessuary/radioupravlenie/page/3/
Чтобы получить автоматические ворота для гаража, достаточно присоединить автоматику https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/nice-ankernaya-plastina-s-krepezhom-dlya-lbar-xba17/
Тогда открывание и закрывание дверей будет происходить при нажатии кнопки на брелке https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/zamok-elektromehanicheskij-accordtec-at-el700b/
Учитывая массу и инерцию конструкции, для привода создали блок управления B460 FU, который обеспечивает плавный точный пуск и плавную остановку https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/avtomatika-dlya-sektsionnyh-vorot-doorhan-sectional-750-full-kit/
Это продлит срок службы самих ворот, приводов, зубчатой рейки и комплекта роликов https://mosvrata.ru/catalog/pulty/page/8/
Довольно часто владельцы автомобилей устанавливают https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/came-g0402-strela-4-metra-kruglaya/
Такой тип ворот является удобным, так как для конструкции не требует дополнительное место перед гаражом (как в случае с распашными воротами) https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/shlagbaum-avtomaticheskij-doorhan-barrier-pro-5000-komplekt/
Мы рассказали вам обо всей продукции, выпускаемой компании, которая, уверены, не оставила вас равнодушными https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/nice-cof-ctojka/
Какой вид автоматических систем вам особенно понравился? Поделитесь своим мнением в комментариях под статьей https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/bytec-bar-6/
Кроме этого, готовясь к сооружению автоматических ворот, необходимо серьёзно подойти к выбору приводного электрического механизма https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/zamok-elektromehanicheskij-accordtec-at-el700a/
Придётся решать, какая автоматика больше подходит створкам или полотну — рычажная или линейная https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/zamok-elektromehanicheskij-accordtec-at-el101/
Следующий важный критерий – габариты противовеса https://mosvrata.ru/catalog/aksessuary/avarijnoe-pitanie/page/2/
В этом случае, внимание стоит уделить консольным конструкциям, которые встречаются чаще всего https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/doorhan-nizhnij-uplotnitel-dlya-sektsionnyh-v/
Основное предназначение противовеса заключается в уравновешивании полотна https://mosvrata.ru/tovar/came-fms-200-obogrevatel-dlya-shlagbaumov/
В основном, его габариты составляют 45-50% от размеров проема https://mosvrata.ru/catalog/aksessuary/page/12/
Customer
Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
body
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
line-height: 1.6;
margin: 0;
padding: 20px;
color: #333;
.product-container
max-width: 1000px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 20px;
border: 1px solid #eee;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
.product-header
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
.product-title
font-size: 24px;
margin: 0;
.product-price
font-size: 22px;
font-weight: bold;
color: #e63946;
.product-gallery
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 10px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
.product-image
width: 100%;
max-width: 300px;
height: auto;
border-radius: 5px;
.product-details
margin-bottom: 20px;
.product-meta
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
gap: 20px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
font-size: 14px;
color: #666;
.product-meta div
display: flex;
align-items: center;
.product-meta span
font-weight: bold;
margin-right: 5px;
.product-rating
display: flex;
align-items: center;
margin-bottom: 20px;
.stars
color: #ffc107;
margin-right: 10px;
.shipping-info
background-color: #f8f9fa;
padding: 15px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin-bottom: 20px;
.availability
display: inline-block;
background-color: #28a745;
color: white;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-radius: 3px;
font-size: 14px;
“@context”: “https://schema.org”, “@type”: “Product”, “name”: “Birkin bag on sale red crocodile”, “image”: [ “https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/lookaside/crawler/media/?media_id=2020853601315623″,”https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/59371d6e6b8f5b389ed12fe0/d4e3b2be-5591-4086-af34-1007aa367305/c03dc08a52e30a459f40c7085851c1aa.jpeg”,”https://handmadebirkinbags.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Hermes-Rare-Collectible-Birkin-20-Sellier-Gold-Madame-Ebene-Matte-Alligator-Missipensis-Day-Faubourg-front1.webp” ], “description”: “Birkin bag on sale red crocodile”, “mpn”: “1766713”, “sku”: “7131766”, “brand”: “@type”: “Brand”, “name”: “Birkin bag on sale red crocodile” , “review”: “@type”: “Review”, “reviewRating”: “@type”: “Rating”, “ratingValue”: “4”, “bestRating”: “5” , “author”: “@type”: “Organization”, “name”: “smilinglizard.com” , “aggregateRating”: “@type”: “AggregateRating”, “ratingValue”: “4.57”, “reviewCount”: “1150” , “offers”: “@type”: “Offer”, “priceCurrency”: “USD”, “price”: “54.00”, “priceValidUntil”: “2026-04-04”, “url”: “http://smilinglizard.com/?s=96929413”, “itemCondition”: “http://schema.org/UsedCondition”, “availability”: “http://schema.org/InStock”, “seller”: “@type”: “Person”, “name”: “smilinglizardcom” , “shippingDetails”: “@type”: “OfferShippingDetails”, “shippingRate”: “@type”: “MonetaryAmount”, “value”: 0, “currency”: “USD” , “shippingDestination”: “@type”: “DefinedRegion”, “addressCountry”: “US” , “deliveryTime”: “@type”: “ShippingDeliveryTime”, “handlingTime”: “@type”: “QuantitativeValue”, “minValue”: 0, “maxValue”: 1, “unitCode”: “DAY” , “transitTime”: “@type”: “QuantitativeValue”, “minValue”: 1, “maxValue”: 5, “unitCode”: “DAY”
Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
$54.00
Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
SKU: 7131766
MPN: 1766713
Condition: Used
Brand: Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
★★★★★
4.57/5 based on 1150 reviews
Shipping Information
Free shipping to United States
Handling time: 0-1 day
Transit time: 1-5 days
In Stock
Price valid until: April 4, 2026
Seller: smilinglizardcom
Review by: smilinglizard.com (4/5)
View Product
Customer
Мы создали максимально комфортные условия своим клиентам http://motovelodom.ru/catalog/ruchki_levaya_pravaya_universalnye_st_100t_3_yaben125_150/
Каталог, работающий в режиме онлайн, имеет каждый интернет-магазин https://motovelodom.ru/catalog/kamera_2_75_3_00_19_tr4_wanda/
Но, с другой стороны, мы выделяемся! Только у нас — широчайший ассортимент, продуманный до мелочей http://motovelodom.ru/catalog/motoekipirovka/kurtki/?sortBy=NAME&sortTo=ASC
Например, интернет-магазин не просто даёт возможность купить запчасти на мотоцикл Yamaha http://motovelodom.ru/catalog/motoaksessuary/ruchki_rulya/
Мы на заказ доставим детали для таких моделей известного производителя, как:
НОВИНКА! Мотоцикл турэндуро CORSAR 250 http://motovelodom.ru/catalog/motoraskhodniki/kolodki_tormoznye/?sortBy=PRICE_7&sortTo=ASC
Быстрый просмотр В корзину http://motovelodom.ru/catalog/akkumulyator_gelevyy_ytx7a_bs_12v7ah_d150kh_sh87kh_v94_8_sht_kor_outdo/
Что мы предлагаем?
Продано в этом месяце: мотоциклов http://motovelodom.ru/catalog/motoaksessuary/instrumenty_krepyezh/?sortBy=SHOWS&sortTo=DESC
Gold & Black http://motovelodom.ru/news/novoe-postuplenie/
Customer
Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
“@context”: “https://schema.org”, “@type”: “Product”, “name”: “Birkin bag on sale red crocodile”, “image”: [ “https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/lookaside/crawler/media/?media_id=2020853601315623″,”https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/59371d6e6b8f5b389ed12fe0/d4e3b2be-5591-4086-af34-1007aa367305/c03dc08a52e30a459f40c7085851c1aa.jpeg”,”https://handmadebirkinbags.co/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Hermes-Rare-Collectible-Birkin-20-Sellier-Gold-Madame-Ebene-Matte-Alligator-Missipensis-Day-Faubourg-front1.webp” ], “description”: “Birkin bag on sale red crocodile”, “mpn”: “1766713”, “sku”: “7131766”, “brand”: “@type”: “Brand”, “name”: “Birkin bag on sale red crocodile” , “review”: “@type”: “Review”, “reviewRating”: “@type”: “Rating”, “ratingValue”: “4”, “bestRating”: “5” , “author”: “@type”: “Organization”, “name”: “smilinglizard.com” , “aggregateRating”: “@type”: “AggregateRating”, “ratingValue”: “4.57”, “reviewCount”: “1150” , “offers”: “@type”: “Offer”, “priceCurrency”: “USD”, “price”: “54.00”, “priceValidUntil”: “2026-04-04”, “url”: “http://smilinglizard.com/?s=96929413”, “itemCondition”: “http://schema.org/UsedCondition”, “availability”: “http://schema.org/InStock”, “seller”: “@type”: “Person”, “name”: “smilinglizardcom” , “shippingDetails”: “@type”: “OfferShippingDetails”, “shippingRate”: “@type”: “MonetaryAmount”, “value”: 0, “currency”: “USD” , “shippingDestination”: “@type”: “DefinedRegion”, “addressCountry”: “US” , “deliveryTime”: “@type”: “ShippingDeliveryTime”, “handlingTime”: “@type”: “QuantitativeValue”, “minValue”: 0, “maxValue”: 1, “unitCode”: “DAY” , “transitTime”: “@type”: “QuantitativeValue”, “minValue”: 1, “maxValue”: 5, “unitCode”: “DAY”
Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
Price: $54.00
Description: Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
SKU: 7131766
MPN: 1766713
Brand: Birkin bag on sale red crocodile
Rating: 4.57/5 (1150 reviews)
Condition: Used
Availability: In Stock
Free shipping to United States
Handling time: 0-1 day
Transit time: 1-5 days
Price valid until: April 4, 2026
Seller: smilinglizardcom
View Product
Customer
На портале PKP-RMS – https://pkp-rms.ru, вы сможете выбрать из более чем 1000 товаров. Наша компания – выдающийся дистрибьютор на рынке России, специализирующийся на поставке материалов наалучшего качества как для промышленных, так и научно-исследовательских целей. Наш каталог товаров – это беспрецедентный источник информации о товарах для вашего бизнеса.
Наши товары:
Медь (I) хлорид
Customer
what relevant in the form an oral supplement in several different forms, including propionyl l-carnitine, [url=https://www.div9interior.com/?p=85377]https://www.div9interior.com/?p=85377[/url] that increase the level of l-carnitine, produced by the body naturally.
Customer
РедМетСплав предлагает широкий ассортимент высококачественных изделий из нестандартных материалов. Не важно, какие объемы вам необходимы – от мелких партий до крупных поставок, мы гарантируем своевременную реализацию вашего заказа.
Каждая единица товара подтверждена всеми необходимыми документами, подтверждающими их происхождение. Опытная поддержка – наш стандарт – мы на связи, чтобы ответить на ваши вопросы и адаптировать решения под требования вашего бизнеса.
Доверьте вашу потребность в редких металлах профессионалам РедМетСплав и убедитесь в широком спектре предлагаемых возможностей
Наша продукция:
Порошок магниевый M11125 – UNS Рзделия РёР· магния M11125 – UNS представляют СЃРѕР±РѕР№ высококачественные металлические компоненты, обладающие отличной прочностью Рё легкостью. РћРЅРё находят широкое применение РІ различных отраслях, включая авиакосмическую Рё автомобильную. Бренд M11125 гарантирует надежность Рё долгий СЃСЂРѕРє службы СЃРІРѕРёС… изделий. Рти компоненты идеально РїРѕРґС…РѕРґСЏС‚ для производства ответственных деталей, РіРґРµ важны прочность Рё малый вес.Если РІС‹ ищете надежные Рё легкие решения, рекомендуем купить Рзделия РёР· магния M11125 – UNS. Р’С‹ получите отличный РїСЂРѕРґСѓРєС‚, который оправдает ваши ожидания, обеспечивая эффективность Рё устойчивость РІ работе.
Customer
шкаф купе на заказ по размерам Кухни на заказ: функциональность и стиль в каждой детали. Кухня – сердце дома. Поэтому так важно, чтобы она была не только красивой, но и максимально функциональной. Кухни на заказ позволяют воплотить любые дизайнерские решения, оптимизировать пространство и создать идеальную рабочую зону. Вы сами выбираете материалы, фурнитуру, цвет и конфигурацию, чтобы ваша кухня стала настоящим произведением искусства. В Москве существует множество компаний, предлагающих кухни на заказ по доступным ценам.
Customer
мосбет [url=http://mostbet7002.ru]мосбет[/url] .
Customer
1.
Scopri i migliori ristoranti e caffe d’Italia!
Vuoi conoscere i ristoranti tipici italiani, i locali piu amati di Roma, Milano o Venezia? Visita il nostro sito e immergiti nella vera scena gastronomica italiana! https://promosimple.com/ps/34ef6/cafferistorantebar
2.
Dove mangiare bene in Italia?
Consulta la nostra Guide ai Ristoranti e Caffe in Italia: cucina tradizionale, caffetterie storiche e locali trendy ti aspettano in ogni citta! https://promosimple.com/ps/34ef6/cafferistorantebar
3.
I caffe italiani piu autentici, tutti in un posto!
Dal cuore di Roma alle calli di Venezia, esplora con noi i migliori caffe e ristoranti italiani. Gusto, storia e passione ti aspettano. https://linqto.me/about/cafferistorantebar
4.
Ristoranti italiani tradizionali e moderni
Scopri cucina italiana autentica, chef rinomati e luoghi imperdibili. Trova il tuo ristorante preferito su una piattaforma dedicata alla ristorazione italiana. https://linqto.me/about/cafferistorantebar
5.
Mangiare bene a Roma, Milano, Venezia?
Sul nostro sito trovi i migliori ristoranti e caffetterie italiane per ogni gusto e budget. Vivi l’esperienza gastronomica completa! https://writeablog.net/cafferistorantebar/caffe-ristorante-bar
Customer
1 win nigeria [url=https://1win18.com.ng]https://1win18.com.ng[/url] .
Customer
Online poker fires—bluff rush! vipzino
Customer
6.
Cucina italiana al suo meglio!
Visita il nostro sito per scoprire i migliori ristoranti in Italia. Dalla trattoria di quartiere al ristorante stellato – tutto a portata di clic. https://www.myminifactory.com/users/Cafferistorantebar
7.
Vuoi esplorare la cucina delle citta italiane?
Sfoglia i nostri consigli su ristoranti a Roma, Milano, Venezia e vivi un viaggio nel gusto tra caffe storici e nuove tendenze culinarie. https://postgresconf.org/users/harry-jones
8.
Caffe tipici e locali italiani da non perdere!
Unisciti a migliaia di utenti che usano il nostro sito per trovare i migliori caffe e ristoranti italiani, aggiornati e recensiti ogni giorno. https://linqto.me/about/cafferistorantebar
9.
Dove mangiare in Italia? Te lo diciamo noi!
La nostra guida ti porta tra ristoranti italiani tradizionali, cucina regionale, e locali imperdibili. Scoprili tutti ora! https://able2know.org/user/cafferistorantebar/
10.
Il meglio della ristorazione in Italia, online
Scopri ristoranti, caffe, locali tipici e molto altro! Da nord a sud, abbiamo mappato i luoghi perfetti per il tuo prossimo pasto memorabile. https://www.sonicbids.com/band/cafferistorantebar/
Customer
Где купить [b]диплом[/b] по нужной специальности?
Получаемый диплом с приложением 100% отвечает условиям и стандартам Министерства образования и науки, неотличим от оригинала. Не откладывайте собственные мечты на несколько лет, реализуйте их с нашей компанией – отправьте заявку на изготовление документа уже сегодня! Диплом о среднем специальном образовании – легко! [url=http://justclassify.com/profile/mervinstowers1/]justclassify.com/profile/mervinstowers1[/url]
Customer
Если вы работаете в сфере производства и столкнулись с необходимостью в поставке высококачественных тугоплавких металлов, то ООО “РМС” – ваше решение. Наша компания занимается на области поставок тугоплавких металлов на протяжении более 10 лет, что дает нам возможность предоставлять только проверенный материал своим клиентам.
Основные преимущества ООО “РМС”:
1. Любые объемы поставок.
2. Обширный выбор тугоплавких металлов.
3. Все необходимые документы.
4. Поддержка 24/7.
Зачем искать где-то еще, если rms-ekb.ru всегда готовы помочь?
Наши специалисты всегда рады помочь вам с любыми вопросами.. Обратитесь к нам прямо сейчас и удостоверьтесь в достоинствах нашего сплава.
Команда ООО “РМС” на связи!
Наша продукция:
Магнитно-мягкая проволока 47РќРљ 3.2 ГОСТ 10160 – 75
Customer
разработка сайтов битрикс стоимость [url=http://razrabotka-saita-bx.ru/]http://razrabotka-saita-bx.ru/[/url] .
Customer
Как раз то, что нужно. Интересная тема, буду участвовать. Я знаю, что вместе мы сможем прийти к правильному ответу.
The Esports calendar offers daily rewards for sports at the Betwinner [url=https://news.elcaro.space/2025/04/07/telecharger-betwinner-cameroun-guide-complet/]https://news.elcaro.space/2025/04/07/telecharger-betwinner-cameroun-guide-complet/[/url]. 4. through social networks and messengers – you register through mail or profile that for you suitable.
Customer
I lost $100 online—plan next! plinko
Customer
https://manuelrjrg387.mystrikingly.com/
Customer
Hi colleagues! I recently attended the APCRS annual meeting and gained invaluable insights into the latest refractive surgery techniques. The research presentations and networking opportunities were top-notch. Check out https://apcrs.org for membership details and upcoming events.
Customer
Source:
[url=parambu.ru]https://parambu.ru/[/url]
Customer
В поисках достоверного источника редкоземельных металлов и сплавов? Обратите внимание на компанию Редметсплав.рф. Мы предлагаем внушительный выбор продукции, обеспечивая высочайшее качество каждого изделия.
Редметсплав.рф гарантирует все стадии сделки, предоставляя полный пакет необходимых документов для законного использования товаров. Неважно, какие объемы вам необходимы – от мелких партий до крупнооптовых заказов, мы готовы обеспечить любой запрос с прекрасным качеством обслуживания.
Наша команда поддержки всегда на связи, чтобы помочь вам в определении подходящих продуктов и ответить на любые вопросы, связанные с применением и характеристиками металлов. Выбирая нас, вы выбираете достоверность в каждой детали сотрудничества.
Заходите на наш сайт Редметсплав.рф и убедитесь, что наше качество и сервис – наилучшее решение для вашего бизнеса.
поставляемая продукция:
Кольцо РёР· драгоценных металлов серебряное 40С…9С…1.5 РјРј РЎСЂ99.99 РўРЈ РЁРёСЂРѕРєРёР№ выбор высококачественных кольц РёР· драгоценных металлов. Рлегантные украшения, созданные талантливыми мастерами. Уникальность Рё изысканность РІ каждой детали. Возможность заказа персонального кольца РїРѕ вашим пожеланиям. Подчеркните СЃРІРѕСЋ индивидуальность СЃ нашими кольцами.
Customer
Вилларт
Customer
Online casinos feel odd—loss vibe! hot hot fruit
Customer
1win молдова [url=http://1win5026.ru/]http://1win5026.ru/[/url] .
Customer
Have you been searching for complete insurance plans that protects what matters most? Look no longer than Pacific Insurance, Inc., West Jordan’s leading insurance firm serving clients, households, and enterprises throughout Salt Lake County.
Local Expertise with Tailored Solutions
In the current fast-paced world, finding the right insurance coverage shouldn’t be a difficulty. At Pacific Insurance, Inc., we are committed to simplifying the experience while enhancing your protection. Based strategically at 8819 S Redwood Rd B, West Jordan, UT 84088, our family-owned agency has built a solid name by offering tailored insurance packages that satisfy your unique needs.
What Sets Pacific Insurance Unique
Utah-Focused Coverage: Our deep knowledge of West Jordan’s unique insurance requirements—from winter driving dangers to home security in our growing community—ensures you’re adequately insured for local perils.
One-on-One Consultation: Say no more to impersonal online forms and automated phone systems. Our devoted agents engage personally with you to design policies aligned with your preferences and monetary constraints.
Multi-Policy Savings: Bundle your auto, home, and life insurance to receive considerable savings that make comprehensive coverage cost-effective.
Industry-Leading Partners: We work with respected carriers including Allstate, Progressive, and State Farm to present affordable rates without sacrificing premium coverage.
Full Insurance Offerings
Auto Insurance Plans
Safeguarding your vehicle with the right coverage is vital in Utah’s diverse driving conditions. Our auto insurance policies include:
Full liability, collision, and total protection plans
Customized coverage for teen drivers and new licensees
Lyft vehicle protection for transportation and Lyft drivers
Classic and collector car custom policies
SR-22 filing help when needed
Home and Property Insurance
Your home is likely your most important investment. We offer strong protection through:
Homeowners insurance with assured replacement cost options
Renters coverage that protects your belongings
Specific Utah flood and earthquake coverage
Vacation home and rental property insurance
Tailored policies for high-value homes
Commercial Insurance Tailored for Utah Business Owners
Starting with startup ventures to mature businesses, our business insurance solutions offer thorough protection:
General liability and professional liability coverage
Commercial auto and vehicle protection
Workers’ compensation plans
Business interruption insurance
Custom contractor and construction policies
Life Insurance and Economic Strategy
Secure your family’s tomorrow with our customized life insurance options:
Term life policies with adjustable coverage periods
Whole life insurance with monetary accumulation
Final expense coverage for peace of mind
Retirement strategy assistance
Investment strategy consultation
Supporting West Jordan and Salt Lake County
Our handy location near Jordan Landing Shopping Center makes it simple to drop in and review your insurance needs in person:
Address: 8819 S Redwood Rd B, West Jordan, UT 84088
Business Hours:
Monday-Friday: 9:00 AM – 6:00 PM
Saturday: By appointment only
Contact Information:
Phone: +1 801-561-5550
What Our Clients Think About Pacific Insurance
Customer
The online bonuses shine—jump in! mines
Customer
оставить вещи на хранение [url=www.hranenievesheymsk.ru]оставить вещи на хранение[/url] .
Customer
where to get cheap microzide prices
Customer
Tule vali sobivaim laen ning esita taotlus. Vastus koheselt. Raha katte samal paeval. Meie platvormil esindatud laenud on hoolikalt valitud ja neil on korge usaldusvaarsus. Meie saidi labipaistvus ja kasutajasobralikkus annavad teile voimalused väikelaenud tallinn
Customer
Сотрудничество с компанией НАПЫЛЕНИЕ РФ, специализирующейся на поставке редкоземельных материалов для различных методов напыления, открывает перед вашим предприятием двери в мир качественных инноваций. Партнерство с нашей компанией гарантирует не только доступ к материалам высочайшего качества, но и возможность заказа любого необходимого объема.
С широким ассортиментом продукции на основе редкоземельных материалов, от мышьяка до циркония, компания НАПЫЛЕНИЕ РФ готова удовлетворить потребности самых требовательных покупателей. Каждый продукт сопровождается обязательными документами, удостоверяющими его происхождение и соответствие всем нормам.
Кроме того, НАПЫЛЕНИЕ РФ понимает важность профессионального взаимодействия и поддержки на каждом этапе сотрудничества. В нашем лице вы найдете не просто поставщика, но и партнера, готового предложить квалифицированную помощь и поддержку, опираться на ваши конкретные потребности и адаптировать условия поставки под особенности вашего производства.
Заключая партнерство с НАПЫЛЕНИЕ РФ, вы гарантируете себе плавное и бесперебойное снабжение ценными напыляемыми материалами, позволяющее вам без остановки реализовывать самые передовые и технологичные проекты. Ваш бизнес получит достойного партнера, с которым текущие трудности превращаются в завтрашние возможности.
Наша продукция:
Керамическая мишень HfO2
Customer
Ищете лучшие финансовые решения? Наш сайт предлагает широкий ассортимент кредитов, банковских карт и займов, чтобы помочь вам достигать ваших целей и воплощать мечты. Хотите купить жилье, автомобиль или оплатить учебу? Наши кредитные программы подходят для любых нужд. Оформите кредит на нашем сайте за несколько минут, выбрав лучшие условия и сроки погашения. Наши банковские карты обеспечивают удобство безналичных платежей и множество бонусов. Получите кэшбэк, скидки у партнеров и участвуйте в программе лояльности. Выберите карту с оптимальными лимитами и условиями обслуживания для себя. Если вам не хватает денег до зарплаты или на неожиданные расходы, наши займы – это быстрое и удобное решение. Мы предлагаем прозрачные условия и мгновенное одобрение заявок, чтобы вы могли решить свои финансовые вопросы без задержек и лишних хлопот. Наши преимущества: простота и удобство – оформление заявки онлайн за считанные минуты; надежность и прозрачность – честные условия без скрытых комиссий; индивидуальный подход – учет ваших личных обстоятельств. Не упустите возможность улучшить свою финансовую ситуацию. Оформите кредит, банковскую карту или займ на нашем сайте уже сегодня и наслаждайтесь всеми преимуществами сотрудничества с надежным финансовым партнером. Сделайте шаг к своим мечтам на нашем сайте!
Деньга в Краснодаре
Customer
Купить диплом под заказ в Москве вы сможете используя официальный портал компании. [url=http://vertexinc.ca/employer/frees-diplom/]vertexinc.ca/employer/frees-diplom[/url]
Customer
Заказ официального диплома через качественную и надежную фирму дарит массу достоинств для покупателя. Это решение дает возможность сэкономить как личное время, так и серьезные финансовые средства. Однако, только на этом выгоды не ограничиваются, преимуществ гораздо больше.Мы изготавливаем дипломы психологов, юристов, экономистов и любых других профессий. Дипломы производятся на подлинных бланках. Доступная цена в сравнении с крупными расходами на обучение и проживание. Приобретение диплома о высшем образовании из российского института будет рациональным шагом.
Приобрести диплом о высшем образовании: [url=http://damdiplomisa.com/kupit-diplom-s-reestrom-bistro-i-bezopasno-4/]damdiplomisa.com/kupit-diplom-s-reestrom-bistro-i-bezopasno-4/[/url]
Customer
Купить диплом об образовании!
Купить диплом университета по невысокой цене возможно, обращаясь к надежной специализированной компании. Купить диплом о высшем образовании: [url=http://diplomk-vo-vladivostoke.ru/poluchite-podlinnij-diplom-vuza-s-otzivami-klientov/]diplomk-vo-vladivostoke.ru/poluchite-podlinnij-diplom-vuza-s-otzivami-klientov[/url]
Customer
Аренда авто Краснодар
Customer
Работа военным Служба по контракту: Путь к профессиональной военной карьере Военная служба всегда была и остается почетным долгом гражданина перед своей страной. Однако, помимо обязательной службы по призыву, существует возможность связать свою жизнь с армией на профессиональной основе, заключив контракт с Министерством обороны Российской Федерации. Контрактная служба предоставляет уникальные перспективы для тех, кто видит в защите Родины не просто обязанность, а призвание.
Customer
На портале PKP-RMS – https://pkp-rms.ru, вы сможете выбрать из большого ассортимента, насчитывающего более 1000 наименований товаров. Наша компания – один из крупнейших дистрибьютор на рынке России, специализирующийся на поставке лучших материалов как для промышленных, так и научно-исследовательских целей. Наш каталог товаров – это обширный источник информации о продуктах для вашего бизнеса.
Наши товары:
Марганец (II) бромид
Customer
mostbet apk скачать [url=mostbet6038.ru]mostbet6038.ru[/url] .
Customer
Якщо вам цікава музика, яка пробуджує емоції, в той же час інтегруючись у ваш світ, тоді вам обов’язково потрібно побувати на [url=https://lambda.trancereality.mk.ua/]Lambda Stage[/url].
Customer
тревожная кнопка цена с установкой росгвардии [url=http://trevros.ru/]тревожная кнопка цена с установкой росгвардии[/url] .
Customer
The mobile casino trips—tune up! legacy of dead
Customer
Если вы заняты в области производства и столкнулись с необходимостью в поставке лучших тугоплавких металлов, то ООО “РМС” – ваше лучший выбор. Наша компания специализируется на сфере поставок тугоплавких металлов уже многих лет, что дает нам возможность предлагать только проверенный материал своим клиентам.
Основные преимущества ООО “РМС”:
1. Объемы поставок не имеют значения.
2. Обширный выбор тугоплавких металлов.
3. Все необходимые документы.
4. Поддержка 24/7.
Зачем искать на других сайтах, если rms-ekb.ru всегда здесь для вас?
Наши специалисты всегда рады помочь вам с любыми вопросами.. Обратитесь к нам прямо сейчас и проверьте в преимуществах нашего редкого металла.
С уважением, команда ООО “РМС” !
Наша продукция:
Лист с заданными свойствами упругости 42НА-ВР9.5x500x800 ГОСТ 14080-78
Customer
РедМетСплав предлагает широкий ассортимент отборных изделий из редких материалов. Не важно, какие объемы вам необходимы – от мелких партий до обширных поставок, мы обеспечиваем быстрое выполнение вашего заказа.
Каждая единица изделия подтверждена требуемыми документами, подтверждающими их качество. Опытная поддержка – то, чем мы гордимся – мы на связи, чтобы разрешать ваши вопросы а также находить ответы под специфику вашего бизнеса.
Доверьте ваш запрос профессионалам РедМетСплав и убедитесь в множестве наших преимуществ
Наша продукция:
Лист магниевый QE22 – CSA HG.9 Лента магниевая QE22 – CSA HG.9 предназначена для эффективного использования РІ различных областях, включая строительство Рё производство. Рта лента обладает высокой прочностью Рё стойкостью Рє РєРѕСЂСЂРѕР·РёРё, что делает её идеальным выбором для долговечных решений. Благодаря хорошей гибкости, Лента магниевая QE22 – CSA HG.9 просто монтируется Рё настраивается РїРѕРґ любые задачи. Купить Лента магниевая QE22 – CSA HG.9 стоит всем, кто ищет надежные Рё качественные материалы для СЃРІРѕРёС… проектов. Обеспечьте себе профессиональное решение, выбирая эту ленту!
Customer
this manufacturer offers large range of services in sector of gambling entertainment – sports betting and esports, casinos, live casinos, lotteries, trading, racing, bingo, etc. multiple are available for betting resources – browser, PC, [url=https://www.nmdaltyapi.com.tr/experience-the-excitement-of-bc-game-live-match-6/]https://www.nmdaltyapi.com.tr/experience-the-excitement-of-bc-game-live-match-6/[/url] and mobile devices.
Customer
https://war-proekt.media/spisok-oligarkhov/provider/petr-aven/
Customer
Are online casino reviews real or just ads? gates of olympus
Customer
Привет!
Санкт-
Петербург — это город со звёздным небом и красивыми улицами. Побывайте в театре
Мариинского, чтобы насладиться культурной программой. Прогулка по Стрелке
Васильевского острова оставит незабываемые впечатления. Если вы желаете провести
вечер в компании девушки, то вам помогут эскорт-услуги.
Узнать больше можно здесь: https://intimdosugspb.ru
Customer
Случайно зашел на форум и увидел эту тему. Могу помочь Вам советом. Вместе мы сможем прийти к правильному ответу.
how Can I contact BC game casino technical support? The platform uses SSL encryption to defend communication between the [url=https://home.mile-tech.com/?p=90835]https://home.mile-tech.com/?p=90835[/url] and customers.
Customer
1 вин вход [url=https://1win7017.ru/]https://1win7017.ru/[/url] .